Sustainable agriculture Essay Example for Free

Sustainable agriculture EssayFrom her educational text, Jenny Ridgwell states, Many supermarkets stock a range of thoroughgoing diets these atomic number 18 normally more pricy than other nourishments, since it is more difficult to match the volume of perfect fruits and vegetables that are produced by intensive farming. native nutrients are grown using traditional methods of faming without drippy fertilisers, pesticides or intensive growing systems. People who eat organic provender believe that it tastes better and that it is better for the purlieu. (Examining food and nutrition. )Having sourced this statement, I have studied its kernel and found it to be a very good definition of organic foods, showing the main features of organic food and peoples perceptions of organic products. second according to a newspaper article from 2001, about the cost of going organic at least 80 per cent of a cows feed would have had to be organically grown. Veterinary drugs would have be en allowed if animals fell ill, but there would have been a ban on routine do of antibiotics to prevent infections (Times Newspapers Ltd 2001) .This article reference shows the implications placed on farmers dealing in organic produce, yet it gives us an idea about the health related aspects of organic foods, such as them containing no artificial substances, as an end product and during the production process. In consideration of my viewpoints I have chosen to interview twain people from my immediate family, who have separate roles within the home. My first viewpoint was from my mother, who is the main breadwinner of the family and sources the food for most meals, yet she responded negatively in the session.In her statement she mentioned, I do not buy organic produce as the price is overmuch more expensive compared to standard produce of which you receive a greater quantity for the price with little tonus compromised. On the other hand my second interviewee was my father, a pre vious agriculturist. He replied positively to the interview remarking that, I would buy organic food just for the taste alone, but knowing the health benefits and what hard work is involved it is entirely a privilege to hive away great food and give the tradition a well deserved boost.From my discussions with the interviewees it has become apparent that they know the nature of organic food, the advantages and the disadvantages. To summarise, it is clear that organic food is not top of their priorities yet it is still considered and acknowledged in the day to day running of a household. Many people say organic food is better than non-organic foods, in many cases, they are healthier because with processed foods there can be hidden fats, salt and sugar that can go in during the processing.Food certified as organic is not allowed to contain genetically modified ingredients. news. bbc. co. uk (Accessed 02/10/12). A four year European Union funded ponder found that with regards to orga nic food compared to regular food There are 40% more antioxidants in organic food, milk that is taken from organic herds contains 90% more antioxidants, and there are higher levels of beneficial minerals. www. dosomething. org (Accessed 27/09/12). These findings clarify that my second interviewees opinion is wide spread on behalf of health issues end-to-end our consumers of organic produce.While many people insist organic foods contain more health benefits, according to university studies, overall, there was no discernible difference mingled with the nutritional content, although the organic food was 30% slight likely to contain pesticides. www. bbc. co. uk (Accessed 19/09/12). This information emphasizes my mothers statement about little quality compromised this also highlights her point that we pay more for less, in more aspects than one, perhaps maybe even including our vitamins and minerals. There are many unknown benefits of organic food that provides a great advantage ove r non-organic produce.Many of these advantages are in connection with health, especially children and foetuses who are most vulnerable to pesticide exposure due to their less-developed resistive systems and because their bodies and brains are still developing. Exposure at an early age can cause developmental delays, behavioural disorders, and motor dysfunction. www. helpguide. org (Accessed 27/09/12) As well as organic food differing from non-organic foods in nutrition they also differ in price, the reason for organic produce being more expensive to buy is that agrochemicals are designed to make food cheaper to produce.Agrochemicals were not developed with nutrition, taste or the ecology in mind. The chemical designers remit was to make mass production of food cheaper. So what we get is a cheap but inferior product. www. organicfoodee. com (Accessed 02/10/12) Much of this extra cost is due to the products necessary for produce to be categorise as organic. A statement from Humphr ey feeds revealed organic wheat is costing us currently about 245 pound a tonne, whereas conventional wheat, most of what we had bought is about long hundred pound a tonne, showing the costs implicated on organic producers.(Food Programme, BBC Radio 4, 12th Oct 2008) In my opinion organic foods are of a much better quality, taste and are generally less harming to the environment, this is severely reflected in their price and in many cases has extreme effects on food choices. Organic farming has always tried to anticipate the challenges farmers are now facing, such as payments, and now the Nitrate and Phosphate Regulations. Organic farming has a less intensive nature and integrated approach, so organic producers have generally been able to meet these challenges without too much difficulty. www. dardni. gov.uk (Accessed 02/10/12).This statement from the Department of land makes reference to the differences in farming techniques and the problems faced by non-organic producers, but to a certain extent organic farming goes back to nature, for example, farmers use crop gyration to fertilise the soil increasing stores of carbon in the soil, eventually we could offset at least 23% of agricultures greenhouse emissions. www. soilassociation. org (Accessed 19/09/12). This refers to mainly non-organic producers however organic producers face hefty stipulation over what they can and cant do.In particular the Department of Agriculture imply a regulation in which the period of slurry spreading is suited to the weather. An article from a farming newspaper last week read The closed period is due to come into motion on October 15, after which farmers caught spreading slurry would normally face prosecution. (Farm Week, September 27th, 2012). This has a greater impact on organic producers due to their lack of permitted resources, implicating that they can only fertilise soil at particular times throughout the year compared to non-organic producers, nonetheless in my opinion this has great consideration for the environment.In regards to helping the environment organic farming practices use 30% less energy, less water, and obviously no pesticides, hence reduces groundwater pollution. www. thechicecologist. com (Accessed 02/10/12) In conclusion, I have found my research on organic food to be practical and obtained from a range of different sources to give adequate reasons for purchasing and consuming organic produce.

The Lorax Essay Example for Free

The Lorax EssayThe Once-ler perceived a market opportunity, displayed extraordinary entrepreneurial spirit and proceeded to create an industry of Thneed manufacturing. His report exemplifies laissez faire economics and the potential of free market enterprise and whats truly possible if government stays fill in out of the closet of markets with needless regulations. So what went wrong? In order to understand exactly the story of The Lorax as an altogetheregory of economic principles you must understand in footing of different philosophy foundations, scarceness, uncertainty, interdep dyingencies, and the duel nature of rights. Philosophy foundations atomic number 18 all based on making a choice in any disposed(p) power. In the story The Lorax by Dr. Seuss the two main characters, the Once-ler and the Lorax, had conflicting philosophical perspectives. The Loraxs prevailing philosophical perspective is utilitarianism where the belief is the superlative good for the greates t number. That is, in order to seek a greater social good once must chose the course of action that results in the maximum amount of overall good, not tho for ones own good, but also for the good of others.More in depth analysis of this perspective shows that morally sequester behavior will not harm others, but instead increase happiness or utility (Driver, History). The Lorax spoke up against the Once-ler only when he believed the Once-ler was wither the happiness that the brownness Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, the humming- tip and himself, were experiencing in the environment around them from the Once-lers production of the Thneeds. The prevailing philosophical perspective of the Once-ler is egoism, that is, maximize ones self-interest.In the story the Once-ler had been searching his entire life for trees such as the Truffula Trees to move in something like the Thneeds that create business and money, which were all that he needs. The Once-ler didnt c are about the crumm ies in the tummies of the Brown Bar-ba-loots, or pollution that filled the air and the ponds that forced the Swomee-Swans and Humming-Fish out. The only thing he cared about was making the factory and wagons bigger to meet the substance of Thneeds he wanted to ship out to make more money.In the story the Once-ler, the Lorax, the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming-Fish are all put in a situation known as Pareto Optimality. This exists when economic resources and output have been allocated in such a way that no one can be made split up off without sacrificing the well-being of at least one person (Wisdom, V Pareto). In a situation like this it is hard for the perspectives, like that of the Once-ler and the Lorax, to have a positive outcome. If their perspectives had been different, say like the golden rule or do no harm perspectives, things have a much better potential to come out more ideal for everyone.As discussed in class, both of these philosophical perspecti ves believe in withholding harm to ones self and to others. If these were the perspectives taken by the Once-ler and the Lorax, both would be happy, in addition to the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming-Fish, but given the Pareto Optimality environment it is almost impossible to make everyone involved happy, instead at that place needs to be a more costs-benefits perspective taken where things are weighed out and people pick as a whole what the best tradition of resources should be to maximize the outcome for everyone.The basic economic problem that arises because people have unlimited wants but resources are limited (Investopedia). In the story scarcity affects the choices and the outcomes realized. The Once-ler held the power of control and chose to use his power over the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming-Fish to ignore their requests and use whatever he wanted to make the Thneeds, creating a scarcity among resources. The Brown Bar-ba-loot s made the decision to guide town after the Once-ler created a scarcity of Truffula Trees which caused a shortage in Truffula Fruit, the main food that that ate.The problem with scarcity is that if it isnt monitored then the resources will eventually run out. The Once-ler didnt realize the scarcity he was creating among the clean air, Truffula Trees, and pond water by continuously using all of these resources without replenishing them. The outcomes of the choices he made left him with no demand, no money, and no resources to continue on with his business. Uncertainty is very hard to manage. You cant assign a probability, value or outcome to something that is unknown.In the story the source of uncertainty is the biological nature of production. When you make poor decisions they are bound to have outcomes with issues of uncertainty. The Once-ler only saw the opportunities the Thneeds gave him incrementally he didnt look at the big picture of things. He failed to acknowledge every si tuation he faced with the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming-Fish, intellection they were all part of the standard operating procedures in business, causing each of the potential risks faced to create a much larger ap of uncertainty. By the end of the story the Once-ler poor decisions inefficiently used all of his resources up, forced everyone out of the town, and left him with the inability to manage these unintended outcomes of uncertainty. The interdependencies that are central to the story are asset specificity and high exclusion costs. Asset specificity is the aspect or feature of an asset that makes it useful for one or more specific purpose and and then cannot easily be sold off.The Truffula Trees, the ponds, and the air are all goods with specific uses to each individual with the potential to be held hostage by the Once-ler, the Lorax, the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, or the Humming Fish. In order for high asset specificity to occur there should have been some type of contract created between the parties to prevent one private party from taking advantage of the resources to achieve some opportunity.To avoid the potential of an asset holding situation, a buyer-seller relationship could have been created between the Once-ler and the the Lorax/Brown Bar-ba-loots/Swomee-Swans/Humming Fish. If this had occurred in the story the Lorax, the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming Fish wouldnt have been forced to leave and the environment would have lasted. High exclusion cost goods are what determines the provisions of the good if the good exists for one user it is costly to exclude others.The Truffula Trees, the air, and the ponds are all considered high exclusion cost goods. The Lorax, the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming Fish had the token right to exclude the Once-ler from using these goods unless he contributes to the production or maintenance of the goods, but they didnt. This gave the On ce-ler the ability to use the Truffula Trees, the air, and the ponds as he saw fit, that is to make the Thneeds, without contributing anything back.The Once-ler is a clear cut case of what is known as a free-rider a major problem associated with high exclusion cost goods. to begin with the Once-ler comes to town, the retention rights of the Truffula Trees, the air, and the ponds lie with Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming Fish everyone respects the usage of one another and no actions need to be taken to enforce those rights. When the Once-ler comes to town the usage of the Truffula Trees, the air, and the ponds comes into dispute.The Once-ler has the right to use Truffula Trees, the air, and the onds 24/7. The non-rights duties lie with the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming Fish they must respect and tolerate the Once-ler. The Lorax has the obligation to enforce those rights. If different endowments of property rights occurred, such as an ord inance that limited the Once-lers usage of the Truffula Trees, the air, and the ponds, the Truffula Trees, the air, and the ponds wouldnt have been overused and the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming Fish wouldnt have been forced to leave town.

Sexuality in Mainstream Hindi Cinema

Sexuality in Mainstream Hindu picture showHimakshi RattiIntroductionFilms as metier of Mass Communication Film communication may be considered as a social process whereby a transmitted signal is received in the main through visual receptors (and, often, sound receptors) and is then treated as a message from which core or meaning is inferred. Film, as a symbolic form, is a process of communication that employs film, the medium, with its technology of optics, emulsions, and cameras, to produce a theatrical role of celluloid with a variable-density silver nitrate surface. It is man who creates film communication. This definition suggests that a piece of film, in and of itself, is meaning slight-that meaning exists only in a special social and cognitive relationship between a filmmaker and a viewer. This relationship occurs when a viewer chooses to treat a film non as mere signals triggering perceptual awareness and biological responses, but as message social units that arrive be en hurl together intentionally and from which meaning may be inferred.Cinema is perhaps the mainstream of all art forms, most popular and most accessible, in particular in India, a res publica which produces most number of films in a year compared to any other country (barring Hollywood, perhaps), and a country where we have a large stand of cinema-going public. Cinema, more than than any other art, has the power to influence people. Therefore, it is very important to understand how the country, its people and its aspirations are represented in the cinema produced in the country.Cinema as a medium of mass communication can be seen at different levels, serving different purposes. It can be an art form, an entertainment, a social document or a social critique. Cinema can be all of these and at the same time be a essence to something else a mirror unto our lives, imageing us exactly how we function as cabaret. Mainstream Vs Alternative Cinema Mainstream films can best(p) be d efined as commercialized films that are made by study entertainment studios or companies that are owned by international media conglomerates. Because of better financing, these films can afford more overpriced actors, wide releases or limited releases, and are sold at popular retail stores. This has become known as the studio system. Films made by major studios or companies that are not owned by a media conglomerate but are distributed by a company owned by a media conglomerate are similarly considered to be mainstream and are often referred to as mainstream independent films. As a mainstream medium (cinema needs money to be produced. Therefore, it moldiness appeal to the mainstream audience, who leave behind pay at the box office) cinema must, first and foremost, appeal to the mainstream audience. The definition of mainstream varies from connection to society, from culture to culture. Broadly, it means representing the prevalent attitudes, values, and practices of a society o r group, for example, mainstream morality. A cultural construct, when applied to art, mainstream may mean something that is available to the general public, or something that has ties to corporate or commercial entities.Sexuality in Hindoo mainstream films refers to the presentation in motion pictures of devolve onuality or eroticism and sex acts, including love scenes. Erotic scenes have been presented in films since the silent era of cinematography. Many actors and actresses have exposed at least parts of their bodies or dressed and behaved in personal manners considered cozyly provocative by contemporary standards at some meridian in their careers. Some films containing sex scenes have been criticized by religious groups or banned by Govt. or both. Sexuality in cinema has been presented in numerous genres of film while in some genres gender is rarely depicted.Sex in films can be distinguished to a pornographic film and also from nudity in film, nudity can be presented in a sexualized context, for example nudity in naturalism would normally be regarded as non-sexual. In India, the entertainment industry is an important part of modern India and is expressive of Indian society in general. Historically Indian films have lacked the frank depiction of sex until recently, even kissing scenes were considered taboo. On the other hand rape scenes or showing sexual assault were depicted openly. Currently some Indian states show soft core sexual scenes and nudity in films, while other areas dont. Mainstream films are heretofore largely catered for the masses of India, however foreign films containing sexuality are watched by Indians because of the same process of glamorization of film entertainment that occurred in Hollywood, Indian cinema, mainly Hindi-speaking Bollywood industry is also beginning to add sexual overtones.A Brief History of Bollywood Sex and RomanceBollywood classics cannot be beaten for their overt romantic tension, where intimate touching w as replaced with the poetic, polite innuendo of hot rainfall and wet clothing. Indians are so reserved about what happens between consenting adults, considering India is the second most populous country in the world. In some ways, however, Hindi film makers have become more relaxed in their attitudes, as younger, Western-influenced generations come of age and make waves in an industry built on tradition. Previously undetected taboos like pre-marital sex, onscreen nudity and even wife-swapping have curiously been passed by the Central Board of Film Certification, the strict watchdog equivalent of the MPAA that has served as a ostracise since the early 50s. Gathered below is a look at the landmark moments and trends that have raised eyebrows through Bollywood history.Bollywood in the 70s and 80s was becoming westernized. Back then the appearance of a plain white brassiere represented the forbidden nature of onscreen toplessness. An actress wearing just her over-the-shoulder boulder pallbearer who turned out the lights, for instance, would be implying that she would soon be showing her breasts to her lover. If anyone realized the power of such clothed titillation, it was Raj Kapoor, whose films began to push the envelope late in his directorial career. His unparalleled 1973 teen romance Bobby made an overnight pin-up sensation of Dimple Kapadia when she appeared in a bikini, and 1978s Satyam, Shivam, Sundaram (which faced an uphill battle with the censor board, and was criticized by some as organism exploitative) saw Zeenat Aman in a barely-there sari that defied physics by staying on. His final film, 1985s Ram Teri Ganga Mali caused further controversy when 16-year-old whizz Mandakini appeared bathing in a waterfall, wearing only a sheer white. Today, bikini babes are far more prevalent in Bollywood culture, and 2000s Hera Pheri even depicted male sunbathers in bikinis, mistaken as girls from a distance by the films protagonist.Up until the 50s, if Bollywo od stars wanted to express love or even lust onscreen, clasping each others hands and staring longingly was about as risqu as it got. Hugging and light face cuddling became the next leap over the following three decades, but it wasnt until the 90s that kissing was actually acknowledged, let alone done. A woman might disceptation in for lip service, but would shyly run away before the deal was sealed, or else the actual act would be covered by a veil in the moment before. While this, too, is changing today (superstar actor Aamir Khan evenhas a kissing clause put in his co-stars contracts if they wint kiss him, they cant act opposite him), puckering up can still be contentious. Padmini Kolhapure made headlines when she merely gave Prince Charles a peck on the cheek, and after Aishwarya Rai got intimate with Hrithik Roshan in 2006s Dhoom 2, obscenity cases were filed.Item numbers, or highly sexualized, upbeat Bollywood songs with suggestive lyrics and choreography, began popping up in the late 80s and especially in the 90s. Designed to arouse, interest in the commercial films they appear in, item numbers are stand-alone showstoppers with no relevance to their movies plots, featuring either cameo appearances from famous stars or more typically, item girls. Here, objectification should not to be confused with the sexy dancers in increasingly revealing clothing have become a forgetful less stigmatized today, as some have used the showcase as a springboard into leading roles. Among the validated thespians, then, comes the conception of skin show, what India ambiguously calls any notion of actresses and even actors now, who are willing to flaunt more than what the conservative standards dictate. Dare-bare performers like Bipasha Basu in Jism and the controversially outspoken Mallika Sherawat in tally have achieved notoriety for their barely clad boundary-pushing alone.Alternative LifestylesBollywood plots have certainly progressed, less centered on arranged m arriages and more on young urbanites dating and clubbing. But these are still baby steps compared to what has been accustomed to in Western society. India still remains closeted in changing sexual preferences. In 2003 Kal No Naa Ho treated quirkiness with slapstick, and the recent Dostana concerns two fakers in the same vein, but small strides have been made to bring sincerity and open-mindedness to the cinema. In 2005 My Brother Nikhil subtly brought awareness to the help crisis, but it never could have existed without the hugely controversial 1996 release of Deepa Mehtas Fire, the first Bollywood film to depict homosexuality. When the latter film opened, there were angry protests and general vandalism movie theaters showing the film were violently stormed, with windows smashed and posters burned. While its hard to believe such intolerance over so little could exist in the modern era. This too needs to be taken into consideration that Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna (which made waves for its dealings in adultery and divorce) and Mixed double (about wife-swapping) were only made in 2006.REVIEW OF LITERATURESEXUALITY IN HINDI FILMSKaiser Family Foundation found that Bollywood films such as The Dirty Picture, Murder 2 are ahead of all in portraying sexual content on screen. The biggest worry is that the Bollywood is considered as the mainstream Indian cinema and one of the best in the world. And when these films despite of having bold content and vulgar story make massive amount of box office collection cause more and more audience to turn towards cinema hall. Todays film critics are also somehow responsible for this as they acclaim such new way of devising Indian films representing bold topics. They appreciate the filmmakers work a lot and boost their confidence for again getting involved into such kind of projects, which the filmmakers weigh that they are versatile in handling those sensibly. Even the name of the film The Dirty Picture sounds very strange and sugg ests that the film is on adult subject. It is really disastrous when such films are broadcasted on television after 2-3 months from its release so that the film gets noticeable to everyone in different classes of the society. Rise of Item songs in movies performed by leading actresses is another example of public display of sexuality.AUDIENCE PERCEPTION ON SEXUAL CONTENT IN INDIAN picture palaceA journal of the Association for Psychological Science found that, sensation seeking did not entirely explain these effects the researchers also speculate that adolescents learn item behaviours from the sexual messages in movies. Many adolescents turn to movies to acquire sexual scripts that offer examples of how to behave when confronted with complicated emotional situations.Mainstream Hindi cinema is most widely distributed cinema in India. Representation of sex in mainstream hindi films has veered between the sarcasm, comic and the criminal. Mainstream cinema now has adopted representat ion of sexuality in more down-to-earth manner and is successful in raising, expressing and suggesting possible solutions to any problems in an effective manner.Sex in stories should be infused in such a way that the society starts accepting it. The authencity and genuinity of sex in real life should be accepted the same way in the films too. The society has grown in so umteen ways. Indians have embraced the western culture with open arms, but a hesitation still persists among the Indian audience such western trends i.e. sexuality in mainstream cinema. The frankness quotient establishes an emotional connect with the audience. Movies containing sexual content create a negative impact on the viewers and on mass media. Still in Indian society, such obscene visuals have many ill effects on people.REASONS FOR INTRODUCTION OF SEXUALITY IN HINDI FILMSOHara said, These movies appear to fundamentally influence their temper through changes in sensation-seeking, which has far-reaching impli cations for all of their risk-taking behaviours, Movies get publicity out of pornographic content by showing it on screen. The media executives simply use their power to plus their ratings, popularity and to promote their movies. Portrayal of sexuality is used by film makers as a tool in order to appeal or attract supreme audience. Sexual content in films invite controversies which fetch a lot of free publicity for the film. Modern day film makers want the society to be open, frank and practical in their approach. The issues such as rapes, sexual assaults, etc. need to be addressed through mass media and create awareness amongst people. In order to give solutions and address such problems, the society needs to be comfortable with openly discussing and viewing such content.INFLUENCE OF SEXUALITY IN MAINSTREAM CINEMARajmeet Ghai points out that, Movies are harming our society .Gone the times when parents and elders were ready to watch the movie with their children With the more west ern perspective, it is becoming seamlessly difficult for our culture to accept Hindi movies. guardianship aside the action and drama, the vulgarity depicted knows no bounds. India has always been known for its culture. However its rare to find movies based on any culture. thank to the media and the hype created of the celebrities personal lives, youngsters get influenced in the wrong way.The movies that depict extreme force, murder cause mental harm to children. Teenagers become easy fashion victim of the skimpy dresses worn. Most of the movies show extreme drama which may hurt sentiments of people. The comedy movies, most of the times over do the humor by making a mockery of reality. Even though a majority of the movies are extremely entertaining, focus should be on culture, religion, etc. without hurting the sentiments of any community. Against Hindi movies can possibly be the best medium of entertainment. If made well, they can be easily used to educate the society on several issues. India being one of the largest movie producing country and due its wide acceptance, Hindi movies can be easily used to portray Indias art and culture. Most of the countrys population watches Hindi movies hence it generates revenues rather than harming the society. They can be an excellent source of refreshment for stress.The movies should not always be taken seriously. It is not necessary that each Hindi movie needs to pass some message to society. Violence has existed for years now. Hence blaming the Hindi movies for depicting and encouraging violence is not fair. As a matter of fact, the movies depict that good always wins over evil.METHODOLOGYThis chapter describes the methodology adopted for the study of Sexuality in mainstream Hindi Films.In the present day scenario movies and sexuality are inter-related concepts. Movies with sexual content are generally rated higher than those with no sexual content. The current study will make an effort to examine the sexual content s hown in hindi films and its effects on its audience and their behavior.The two methods used areCONTENT analysisIn this research, both a quantitative and qualitative content analysis has been done to determine the frequency of sexuality being portrayed in mainstream hindi films in the year 2013. All the hit films of 2013 have been calculated quantitatively determining the frequency and nature of instances of showing sexuality in a film. Here, unit of Analysis is any sexual gestures made in the movie.Frequency of portrayal of sex has been measured. This includes the sexual content in only mainstream hit Bollywood films.The qualitative content analysis is to do with the kind of sexual portrayal i.e. is it either to address a serious issue or is it just to titillate the audience n make money.SURVEYThis study explores the use of sexual content in mainstream movies as a communicative strategy among the audience of these movies by employing the cross-sectional survey.Sample- A non-probabi lity sample of 100 people from the city was selected for the purpose of collecting information.Tool of Data Collection- The instrument used for data-collection in survey is a questionnaire. The questionnaire comprises of 12 questions and is knowing in order to analyze the respondents demographics, their views on present day scenario of films carrying sexual content, their perception of the prevalence of the existing trends.

Toyotas Operational and Industry Environment

Toyotas Operational and Industry EnvironmentIn order to analyse the Toyotas operational and industry purlieu and its competitory position in the auto mobile trade, there some appropriate strategic in like mannerls argon using in this paper. much(prenominal) as the attire model , Porters generic strategy and Ansoff matrix. The SWOT model analyses the companies inseparable and external strengths with opportunities as the work outs of the companys success in the free-enterprise(a) market. And in addition this model analyses the companies weaknesses with threats for its fluctuation of sales. Generic strategy refers to analyse the companys strategic choice with in the competitive rivalry. In addition Ansoff matrix also analyse how Toyota uses appropriate strategies to be as the domain draw in the car manufacturing and sales of subsidiaries.Toyotas competitors such as the crown of thornsization ram company, General labors and Honda Motor potbelly, who concern to decide t he companies market position in the market. During the periods these in all companies be different position in the auto market. As the leader of the auto manufacture Toyota Motor Corp Ltd adapts the c ar corporate school of thought which is meant that Toyota Way including Toyota issue system(TPS), and as the Lean proceedsion. The companys corporate philosophy decide the long term competitive advantages. The divisions of TPS are Just In Time(JIT), Jidoka(quality overture) and Kaizen. In addition, Toyotas score Quality focusing(TQM), which is correlated with TPS, is also the most important system to catch the market dole reveal in the rival. These systems are adapting in the production line to product the plants expeditiously with the combining of the low live and high up quality. This opportunity seeks the take up in the knowledge domain(a) auto market. And also the provision chain management too is as a supporting hand for the company. These all go forth be briefly discussed in this paper.At the end of this paper, it is analysed that how the elements of Generic strategy such as cost leader, preeminence and focus and Toyotas operational systems are functioning together to get best competitive position within the competitors world wide. With that, Ansoff matrix will be analysed by its elements such as market shrewdness, product development, market development and diversification regarding the companys performance and competitive position.INTRODUCTIONThe Toyota Motor Co. Ltd was founded in 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda, as a one of the worlds leading manufacturers. It has become the world Largest, and most profitable car maker . During the Second World War, the company produced trucks for the Japanese Army. incredible ,the companys factory in Aichi was bombed down by the enemies before war ended.After the war ended ,Toyotas production of cars commercially began with the SA model in 1947. In 1957, the Toyota peak was exported to the USA as the first time. It announced its arrival to British in1957.After 1960s the company started to spread its operations world wide. Toyota entered into an alliance with Daihatsu and Hino Motors. Its Compacts, produced smaller and fuel efficiently from the start. Names of few of the popular Toyota vehicles are Toyota Prius, Camry, Lexus, Toyota Tundra, Toyota Tundra Double Cab and Corolla (http//www.swot-pest-porter.com).In the early 1970s, the companys production was behind of Ford Motor and GM, but in 1974, Toyota Corolla got largest situation in world car interchange. And, after ten year Toyota was in second to GM in the market(www.nytimes.com) .Now it is the third largest manufacturer in the global railcar market by sales which is producing more than 5.5 million vehicles per year(www. inventioncarz.com).LIMITATIONS AND CONSTRAINSIn my point of view the time is the important problem to analyse the companys operational and industry and their competitive position within it. There are attrac tors of resources available for this analysis, however ,it is difficult to understand and recognise the very relevant resources from the pool of them.COMPETITORS OF THE TOYOTA.In the global auto market Toyotas strategic position is very strong than other competitors. It is clear that the Ford Motor , GM and Honda Motors are the main competitors in the market. Among these, Toyota was the third largest automaker in the world.Along with GM, when the Japanese automakers sales in U.S had gone into a decline, Ford took attention on Toyota customers with undischarged offers at the January 2010. In February 2010, Ford over took GM to be the number 1 seller in the U.S as the first time since 1998. But ,Honda Motor co didnt follow its rivals at targeting Toyota customers , this is why its sales drop by 5% in 2010 (www.reuters.com). In 2009, piece of music GM had 20% and ford had 16% , Toyota had 17% of the market share in U.S( www.reuters.com ).Especially, the companys operational system su ch as the TPS, TQM and the Toyota Way add real place to the companys business which is as the different management style. This value adding mathematical function is giving a unique strategic position in the market. For compositors case, Toyota Prius is a enormous value and it is a reachment to green products green innovation.Toyotas project management makes sure that the projects and goals are aligned with the added values of the company and core competencies. The reason for the project manager of Toyota is the understanding the importance of competencies and core values with the need of working together. And , project manager should give efforts and best thoughts towards develop its attributers and remained focused on business goals.(http//svprojectmanagement.com).THE PILLARS OF THE TOYOTAS SUCCESS AND COMPITITIVE ADVANTAGESToyotas operational systems are its pillars of the success in the industry wise. They are,Toyota Way.Toyota Production system(TPS).Total Quality Managemen t(TQM).Toyota Supply chain.Actually the Toyota way and TPS have been part of how Toyota has developed its supply chain. TPS has been part of how Toyota has developed its supply chain principles effectively towards best performance with suppliers, dealers and manufactures. These concepts work together to add value to the production line of Toyota.THE TOYOTA WAY.Toyota Way and Toyota Production System are the different concepts, but its 14 principles are giving a corporate philosophy by using Toyota Production System (TPS), which is a systematic and highly developed utilisation of Toyota Way. Toyota Way is the goal and also a place of efficiency and cash advance techniques, and also it is called that the companys managerial philosophy. Its 14 principles are categorised into four categories.Long-Term Philosophy.Toyotas philosophy of empowering its workers is the core of serviceman resource management system. It brings employee loyalty and improves creativity and innovation by moti vating employee participation. The Right Process Will Produce the Right Results. Adding value to the Organization by Developing the People and PartnerContinuously Solving Root Problems Drives Organizational LearningWith 14 principles of Toyota Way, another 4 high level principles such as Genchi Genbutsu, Kaizen, Respect and Team work and Challenge are correlated with each other. Thorough learning and kaizen , Toyota has managed to grow and achieve its goals.Kaizen is a Japanese term mode that change betterments it focused on improving the quality and the efficiency of the Toyotas production line. Through Kaizen the members have given gift certificates instead of money. The philosophy of Toyota Way is transient down from generation to generation(http//www2.toyota.co.jp).TOYOTA PRODUCTION SYSTEM (TPS).Sources http//www.1tech.euTPS is the way of companys successful globally, which was introduced by Taiichi Ohno. Corporate philosophy is the basic of its success in the global market. T PS presences high standards of products this is why the company soft penetrate the markets world wide. And also Toyotas work place morale and job satisfaction are producing reliable and high-quality products at reasonable prices. many another(prenominal) of the success of Toyota concern with high performance of human resources and supply chain management.JIT productivity improvement.Kanban system manages the JIT production system and it supports by each of the previous steps. Generally, the JIT meat that what is needed, when it is needed, and in the amount needed.By using this concept, Toyota produces quality products by elimination of tout and avoiding the un reasonable requirements in the line production.Under this system, the ways of achieving productivity improvement areProviding a production instrument to the production line as soon as attainable,when a order for vehicle is received,.Stocking few numbers of all part for assembly lineProceeding processstocking proceeding pr ocess of all parts.Jidoka- highlighting of problem.Under this concept the quality is consider bytaenia railcar safely on its own when complete a normal process and also when meet any quality problem.communicating via the Andon (problem display board) when machine automatically stop. Because of this operator can continue at another machine. This will lead to a greater processing capacity.Eliminating wasteTPS works mainly with the internal in next stage in the production line and external customer perspectives which is considering and separate the value added steps from the non value added steps. According to Jeffery K. Liker , 8 categories of waste are eliminating in the TPS such as over production, waiting time, unessential movement and transport, over inventory and so on. The head of Toyota manufacturing divided the waste was eliminated in this system by JIT and Autorotation in the production line to add value(http//people.brunel.ac.uk).The concept of respect takes responsibility to build trust each other in the TPS and the concept of team work encourage employees to achieve growth and performance by contributing the opportunities of development in the Toyotas production line to add value.Actually, the Toyota Production System has been a roaring success at Toyota, but much less effective in other locations in many conditions.Total Quality Management (TQM)TQM is a management system adapting by Toyota in the production line to add value of its products. This is the greatest strategy following only by Toyota successfully within the larger auto makers. Indeed, The TQM is based on the quality of the product with the commitments of the all members towards the long term success of the company.TQM works through a combination of the customer satisfaction and welfare of the society. At the end, the result is the high quality and low cost add value for the product in the TPS.GENERIC system AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES.Porters Generic strategy, seeking competitive advant age on Toyota, is defined as the basis on which a strategy business unit (SBU) capacity achieve or counter competitive advantage in its market. According to the cost leader ship strategy, Toyota reduced its cost at both element of the value chain. Toyota is the good example of an organization for producing quality cars at low price with brand and marketing skills to use a premium pricing policy.The companys JIT fire to manufacture with an absolute minimum of inventory, in a shortened lead time. This feature support the companys manufacturing cost in production line. Jidoka supports to reduce the cost in production line by highlighting the problem before occur. And also TQM of the Toyota is supporting in reduce the cost how with the minimum input and maximum out put with in a sort lead time.Toyota is manufacturing its products for the market where what is needed and what is suitable. Its mean that the company adapts the differentiation strategy well than other competitors. When i t offer alone different from other rivals , this is why the companys products aim on value with less price and which creates higher price and higher profit to the company. Hybrid Prius is the pertinent lucid of differentiation in the rival. Further more, Toyota offers high quality and luxury brand cars in Japan, Europe and U.S( like Lexus ), the company is selling minivans and trucks in china, Brazil and southwestward Asian markets, where the products of the Toyota are totally different than other major competitors. The thing is that even though, additional costs occur pursuing differentiation, and it is managed by increased tax generated by the sales.In the view of application of generic strategy with JIT, in which the production line is able to producing many varieties of products in response according to the changing customer demand in the market. It means the company uses the JIT production to differentiate its product in the market. And also TQM helps in Toyotas different iation strategy, how the companys products with high qualification could easily differentiate among other competitors.By adapting focused differentiation strategy, Toyota first introduced a brand, Scion, specifically for young buyers in January, 2003 which was a great success with that introduced hybrids in 1997 selling 127000 more than Honda. (http//ezinearticles.com). This strategy support to compete with other competitors in similar segments and to get competitive advantages.JIT production and TQM support also in focused differentiation strategy. For example, when the company identifying specific market segmentation wised to buy a specific vehicle, JIT production gives that particular product to that targeting market segment.THE APPLICATION OF THE ANSOFF MATRIX IN TOYOTA market place penetrationToyota penetrated easily and successfully world wide comparatively than other large manufacturers in building plants and sales the subsidiaries. Toyotas first advantage of market penetrati on is presentation of strategic markets. For instance, it penetrated successfully in Asia, Europe and US. Whereas, its market rivals such as Ford and GM influence in only U.S and Europe. Toyota Motor Corp holds its foot in China and India to get competitive advantages intemperately. By adapting this strategy, it manages the unexpected fluctuations for the markets of its products.Product developmentOne of the key to the success in the car market is new models which increase the demand and loyalty for the companys brand. Toyota has huge reputation for producing few cars with fuel efficient and good performance. And, Toyota has enhanced to meet government requirements specially for reduce the hybrid fuel. A remarkable point is that Toyota was the first car manufacturer to market hybrid fuels, with the introduction of the Prius model in the market (www.reuters .com)2010 Toyota Prius is the best example of the product development. The third generation Prius is bigger and more powerful t han the previous version, but it will become in the United States as the only vehicle that offers combined mileage greater than miles per gallon (http//reviews.cnet.co.uk). But the latest Prius is 70Kg heavier than its predecessor, and this is largely down to the amount of new technology inside.Market developmentToyota Company sells its products in 70 countries world wide. In order to maximize the profit, it seeks new market with existing products. For example, China and South East Asia ere the new markets where the company sells its vehicles.DiversificationBy adapting this strategy, Toyota seeks new products into new markets. While getting any troubles by the competitors in existing market with existing products, it is the pertinent strategy for its growth. The company emerges in China and South East Asia where targeting a 2012 launch and a piece under 1 million Yen. (www.reuters .com) and also one of the Toyotas Mini vehicle unit which is Daihatsu Motor co(7262.T) is developing a small car for emerging market such as South East Asia, and may sell them under the Toyota brand the Chunichi theme said(www.reuters.com). The Compact car will be based on its vision and Yaris subcompact models in the new markets. In addition, these two models and a new set of entry level cars are announced for India, Brazil and China by Toyota. To develop the sales in emerging markets the company maintains a three layer approach. However, Toyota has relatively small market share in India, Brazil and other emerging markets. This is indicating the limitations of its market development (www.reuters.com).Toyota gets a best strategic position in the competitive market by applying these strategies properly than other competitors.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONAs above, the third largest auto maker Toyota is a successful company in the auto makers. The factors of the companys success and its best competitive position in the competitive revalry, are its internal strengths and external oppo rtunities. Even though, it is as the world leader in the auto market, it faces some problems as its own weaknesses and the threats from other competitors and from the outside. These factors are analysed by using SWOT analysis in the appendix. In addition, the companys main competitors compete with it heavily during the years such as Ford, GM, and Honda. However, Toyota Motor Corporation is in a much strengthened strategic position in the auto market. There are some details describe the companys achievements among the competitors in the appendix. The Toyota Motor Corporation achieves its competitive advantages by using the best operational systems in the industry such as the Toyota Way, TPS known as the Lean production and TQM in its production line. Porters Generic strategy analyse the companys strategic position in the market with the correlation of those operational systems toward the competitive advantages. And also Toyotas supply chain management is reflecting its uniqueness in the global market which is noted in the appendix. At the end, the Ansoff matrix describe the companys original position by market penetration, market development product development and diversification strategies.In my point of view, Toyota Motor Corporation still is the world leader of the car makers. But in 2008 and 2009, it faced decline in its sales by few problems. However, the president of the company Akio Toyoda who and the every level employees of the company commit their whole life over take these problems. I suppose that, in future it will be the number one auto maker in the global car manufacturer with the attention of over taking particular quality problem for preventing the quality problem by using its the world greatest strategic operational choices in the industry.APPENDIXES1. TOTAL SALES OF THE TOYOTA AND ITS COMPETITORSCOMPANIESVOLUMEMAY 09MAY 08DSRDSR5/09DSR5/08GM-29.555191,875272,363-26.84%738010,088Ford-24.25%161,531213,238-21.373%6,2137,898Toyota-40.72%152,5832 57,406-38.44%5,8699,534Honda America-41.46%98,394167,997-39.21%3,7826,222Chrysler Group-46.88%79,010148,747-44.84%3,0395,509Nissan NA-33.10%67,4874100,874-30.52%2,5963,736BMW Group-27.65%22,99331,781-24.87%8841,177*The unremarkable selling rate (DSR) is calculated with 26 days for May 2009 and 27 for May 2008.Source http//www.autoblog.com/2009/06/02/by-the-numbers-may-2009-gm-and-ford-surprise-edition/TOYOTAS INDUSTRY come out AT IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTES.ATTRIBUTESINDUSTRY RANKInnovation3People management3Used of corporate assets2Social responsibility1Quality of management2 financial soundness1Long term investment2Quality of products /services2Global competencies2Source http//money.cnn.com3. WORLDS TOP 10 gondola GROUPS BY 2009 H1 SALES.RANKCOMPANYSALES(US $ Millions)1Toyota Motor Corp3.5642General Motor Co3.5533Volkswagen AG3.2654Hyundai Mo. Co2.1535Ford Motor Co2.1156P S A Peugeot Citroen1.5877Honda Motor Co1.5868Nissan Motor Co1.5469Suzuki Motor Corp1.1510Renault SA1.107Source www .reuters.com4. THE SWOT OF TOYOTAStrengths and OpportunitiesToyotas Just in Time (JIT) allows the production system to produce vehicles efficiently and quickly, one at a time, which is great quality and provide satisfaction to consumers. And ,the company has a major strength which is Toyotas Production System(TPS) prevent waste and therefore reduces the amount of energy, raw materials and other resources used, this is devising it towards sustainability(www.toyota.eu).Toyota is a best profit maker in the market. This is because, rising up of the share price of Toyota. For example, Toyotas stock market value is approximately 30% of the value of the global car market. If we combined the profits of all global car makers, Toyota would placard for about one third. And other all Japanese car makers would account for another third. Only the rest final third, would be accounted by all European, North American and other Asian car makers together. (http//www.marketingteacher.com).Another rea son for its climbed up to the top is beyond loyalty. Toyotas life long learning by Kaizen and improvement management systems makes best decisions.Japanese companies, specially, Toyota is excellent in particular areas as the strengths its self. Such asElimination of waste and cost cutting.A culture rooted in manufacturing.Fast, disciplined product development cycles.Consistence and relentlessToyotas managers always knows that where they compliments to be five years from now and are working at getting there.Toyotas innovation and creativity is a major opportunity. Companys commercial mass produced hybrid gas and electric vehicles are creating more opportunities in the competitive markets. Prius is the pertinent example for these advance technology adaptation of Toyota. It based on advanced hybrid technology and R+D activity. This investment and Toyotas wide range of product portfolio support customers for alternative sources of fuel away from gas guzzling cars. Another example of inn ovation is that Toyota Sienna is planned to join the hybrid line up by 2010 (www.brandchannel.com)Toyota mostly attracts the offspring market by its segmentation. As Pedro Pacheco(spokes person for Toyota Europe) said, The urban youth segment is attractive to us because it can success fully influence the whole of youth sector, and it allows to attract customers to the brand at an earlier stage (www.brandchannel.com). Toyota like these customers to grow by providing products as their like. This is a big opportunity of establishing a life lasting relation ship.Toyota taking heart the customer feed confirm it has received, together with its suppliers, dealers and its world wide employees, its commitment is on its products and services and also its commitment to the customer first. This feature is giving many opportunities to Toyota world wide.Toyotas continuous global expansion also brings opportunities to it. Practically, Toyota has its factories in all continents and its vehicles a re made up in different countries. Remarkably, for recent years the company emerged in third world countries and it is getting possible opportunities.And it tends for the localisation of the production using their situation in different countries as the suppliers of the production local market. This result of globalization is making many opportunities for the company.Weaknesses ThreatsAlmost every problem creates a need for inventory, which is one of the largest wastes. This is really a reflection of ineffectiveness. Because every manufactures should need to make sure that their models consumers want or not and conditions of those markets. These may be the reasons of putting attention on emerging market heavily.Toyotas production needs a huge investment with high fixed cost and cost of labour. This may allow to face problems like over capacity or under capacity if occur any upturn or downturn.The main problem is that the companys products are too expensive for its emerging markets, when other competitors like Tata Motors (TM) produce reasonably cheaper cars.The movements of the exchange rates make narrow margins in the market of its sales. For example, in 2009, Toyotas head said that the strong appreciation of the Yen against the Dollar and Euro and the rising cost of raw materials made losses in Toyotas sale (www.glgroup.com).The demand for larger cars lessen while increasing the demand for small cars by changing the life style nowadays. This is also a challenge for Toyota.According to the increasing expenses, the consumer usage of cars is decreasing. This factor reduces the demand of cars in the market as well as the high price Toyotas cars.Businesses operate their operations with fewer fuels by the technology improvements. For instances, Europe governments are encouraging more alternatives for transport, which is reducing the demand for new cars (www.businessteacher.org.uk). These all factors are the threats for Toyota.5. SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT OF TOYOT AToyota has coordinated the plans across the supply chain and has penalise them efficiently. It is the ultimate way in which Toyota has built its superior efficiency in operations. Its effective performance is estimated by the process and their results. This process aims to create a fit between the supply chain parameters.Components of Supply chain management.Variety of products.Velocity of product flow.Variability of out comes against fore cast.Visibility of process to enable learning.(http//www.mhprofessional.com/product.php?isbn=0071615490)The descriptor represents an extremely important design selection of supply chain which has an effect on the participants of the supply chain. When choosing variety, there is a need to have feed back to make sure that it is suitable to represent for the market situation.Velocity has clearly shown in the Toyotas supply chain. It allows doing the procedures at the same time throughout the system.By reducing the variability orders, supply chain will need low level of inventory. It also support for the high quality and cost reduction across the supply chain. These three concepts of supply chain management influence on the stable of supply chain of Toyota.However, Toyotas supply chain ran too hot, which means, working with a lot of unfamiliar suppliers. They didnt have proper understanding of Toyotas culture. The majority of the problems of the company concern with this problem.The Toyota Way and TPS have given them the competitive advantages on a global scale. nigh of these advantages are gained through a combination of the arrangement of the human resources policies and their highly efficient global network of the suppliers and manufactures. According to the TPS Toyota maintain the quality of the product while reducing the cost and eliminating the waste efficiently. Through these techniques Toyota is able to develop competitive advantage in their manufacturing and sales. Toyota considers that the workers are at the centr e of the process of continuous improvement and that their creativity leads to innovation, to improve the loyalty and morale in the work place. At the end, when the job satisfaction is high, there is a greater likelihood that reliable and high quality products can be offered at an affordable price. So the low cost and high quality of the products create high demand for Toyotas products in the competitive market.REFERENCESKae Inoue, Toyotas President Takes over Amid U.S. Slump, Online, Available www.bloomberg.com, ( June 23, 2009).GM, Toyota, Ford add sales as incentives Buoy Rough market, Online, Available www.businessweek.com,( April, 2010).Operational agility at Toyota, Online, Available http//blogs.ft.com, (January 27, 2010).Toyota, Nissan devote to do Better Green Cars Key, Online, Available www.retures.com, (June23, 2009).Toyota will reduce Hybrid Cars prices, Online, Available www.inrumor.com, (January 17 ,2010).Porter, M., Generic Strategies, Online, Available www.marketteach er.com,( 1980) .Edwards Deming, W., Total Quality Management, Online, Available www.1000advices.com. strategical Analysis of Toyota, Online, Available http//ivythesis.typespad.com (August 03,2004).Jeffrey K. Liker., The Toyota Way14 management principles from the worlds greatest manufacturer, Online, Available http//books.google.co.uk, (August 03 2009).Vision and Philosophy Toyota Production System Online, Available http//www2.toyota.co.tp.Taylor, A., Toyotas new man at the wheel, Online, Available http//money.cnn.com, (June 26, 2009). Toyota working on new car for emerging markets, Online, Available http//www.teuters.com ,(July 29,2010).Despite Toyota is still launched in emerging Markets, Online, Available www.allbusiness.com (February 21, 2011).Toyota Prius,Online, Available www.brandchannel.com.Core might of Toyota, Online, Available http//svprojectmanagement.com, (Feb, 2010)Toyota invest in 1Techs process engineering expertise, Online, Available www.1Tech.eu.

Government Policy and Ideologies of Welfare

Govern drawforcet Policy and Ideologies of Wel far-offeWith reference to changes in government policy and ideologies of amicable wellbeing, debate the significance of the deracination from victorian pauper to 21st century service user and its impact on complaisant cogitation practice and values.By charting changes in government policy and eudaimonia ideologies, this essay will discuss the significance of the move from the squared-toe Pauper towards the 21st century Service User and examine how this has influenced accessible devise values and practice. merely first, brief consideration must be given to offering a definition of these terms. The Oxford English Dictionary (2009 online) defines a pauper as somebody with no belongings or means of livelihood who is leechlike upon charity from others and a beggar. Terminology has changed dramatically and the term service user emerged in the 1990s as the generic wine name for people social workers work with (Pierson Thomas, 20 06 560). In contrast to pauper, the Collins Internet-Linked Dictionary of social Work by Pierson and Thomas (2006 560) statesits popularity has spread among practitioners, managers and social work educators alike as it seems to convey the more contemporary emphasis on those who receive the service having some salutarys and influence over that service (Ibid.).All societies check methods of assisting those in financial difficulties (Payne, 2005 13) and the 1601 English misfortunate Law was the first national welfare provision that lasted in one form or another for 350 long cartridge holder (Spicker, 2008 78). However, in the 18th century, the Poor Law Report demonstrated the watercourse allowance system was demoralising and promoted idleness (Fraser, 2009 53). This, couplight-emitting diode with a proliferation of paupers and escalating relief costs, led to the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 which heralded the introduction of workhouses, designed to deter everyone but the destitute from applying for support (Thane, 1996 31). It was hoped by replacing outdoor relief with the workhouse, the faults of the current system would be corrected (Fraser, 2009 55). Ultimately, it provided a harsh ersatz to self-help that the pauper would moreover accept when destitute and fearing the workhouse, they would hopefully find employment (Ibid. 55-56). This was in keeping with the commonplace social philosophy of the time that supposed men were masters of their own fate and that the individual had within his grasp the power to find his own salvation (Ibid. 56). Those requiring assistance were blamed for their position and anticipate to find solutions to their own self-imposed misery (Sullivan, 1996 xiv). Therefore, the Victorian Poor Law divided the needy into the deserving and despicable poor with the deserving worthy of philanthropic assistance whilst the unworthy was punished for their feckless behaviour (Ibid.). In essence, the Amendment Act successfully forced able -bodied men to take responsibility for themselves (Thane, 1996 33).Throughout the 1880s charitable responses to suffering grew (Payne, 2005 36) and the Charitable Organisation Society was established in 1869, aiming to persuade charities to organise resources so they were distributed to those conk out(p) able to use them (Thane, 1996 21). The COS was not an alternative to the Poor Law, but the flip side of the same coin (Payne, 2005 36) and its principles encouraged people to become self-dependent and only helped those with potential to support themselves (Thane, 1996 21). It provided charity for the deserving and hence, left those without potential to become self-dependent to destitution or the Poor Law (Ibid. 21-34). Furthermore, COS endeavoured to find lasting solutions to peoples problems, without removing them from their surroundings and pioneered the practice of case-work whereby investigations were conducted into clients backgrounds who were then helped if deemed worthy (I bid.). Much had to be said for this case-work approach, which provided a real attempt to investigate the nature of the peoples problems (Ibid.) and essentially, through the development of this method, created social work (Payne, 2005 38).Many people following COS principles in theory found it challenging to abandon those in desperate need in practice (Thane, 1996 23). Hence, dissatisfaction generated juvenile voluntary approaches, including the Settlement Movement, which initiated modern fellowship work (Ibid.). Residential settlement Toynbee Hall was established in 1884 where graduates would live and work among the poor a pretending replicated throughout the country by the end of the century (Ibid.). It aimed for them to utilise their moral example and education to foster social development (Payne, 2005 37) and its warden Samuel Barnett believed class harmony and corporeal improvement would only improve when the rich regarded the poor as equally worthy individuals (Thane, 1996 21).Moving to the twentieth century, following the Second World War, fundamental welfare changes were introduced under the Labour government in accordance with a blueprint proposed in the 1942 Beveridge Report (Bochel, 2008 192). Subsequently, the period from 1945 until the 1970s is consideredOne of political consensus on gravestone issues, stemming from a combination of the economic philosophy of Keynes, and the social policy of Beveridge, enshrining the ideas of the mixed economy and the welfare state (Ibid.).During this period it was assumed societies had progressed, rendering the state responsible for(p) for providing universal welfare provision for citizens (Payne, 2005 50). Subsequently, the state established a range of social services in the new era of welfare capitalism and this social security was regarded as the instrument that would eradicate poverty (Sullivan, 1996 xiii-3). The welfare state was created to put welfare on a new footing (Briggs, 1961 cited in Spicker, 20 08 121) where everyone, not just the poor, had the right to access services (Spicker, 2008 121). This contrasted starkly to when support was confined to the destitute and deliberately made unpleasant under the Poor Law (Checkland Checkland, 1974 cited in Spicker, 2008 121) and this commitment to universalism provided an obvious change from the past (Sullivan, 1996 54). Moreover, social work was becoming accepted as part of universal welfare provision alongside health, living accommodations and social security (Payne, 2005 50) and in the 25 years following the war, a gradual professionalizing shift occurred (Lymberry, 2001 371). Subsequently, following the 1968 Seebohm Report and the 1970 Local Authority favorable function Act, the three existing personal social services were reorganised into unified local authority departments (Sullivan, 1996 195-196). It was hoped this would provide a more co-ordinated and comprehensive approach to the problems of individuals, families and comm unities (Seebohm Report, 1968 quoted in Lymberry, 2001 371). Fundamentally, this was a period of proliferation and consolidation for social work with the hope it would contribute towards creating a more equal society (Lymberry, 2001 371).This movement to the welfare state from the Poor Law is referred to as the progression to institutional welfare from residual provision (Wilensky Lebeaux, 1965 cited in Spicker, 2008 92). Residual welfare catered for a limited number of people, was provided under long-suffering and regarded as a public burden (Spicker, 2008 92). Furthermore, the Poor Law was punitive in nature, limited liabilities through deterrence and deprived paupers of their rights (Ibid.). Contrastingly, institutional welfare cover the general populations needs, regardless of their financial circumstances, and offered protection to everyone (Ibid.). It was built on accepting mutual responsibility, considered dependency to be normal, and was based on the premise of a right to welfare and citizenship, (Ibid.). Theoretically, this universalism provided the only mood to guarantee high quality of services were available for all and removed the stigma associated with state services (Sullivan, 1996 54).During the two decades subsequently the war, governments believed in Keynesian demand management techniques and Beveridges social ideas (Ibid. 90). However, from the late 1960s these economic policies failed and the UK faced a fiscal crisis of the state (Ibid.). Subsequently, when the worldly-mindeds were elected in 1979, the political theory of the New Right dominated and heralded a change from the post-war welfare consensus (Lymberry, 2001 372). This period was characterised by Neo-liberal thinking, which fundamentally questioned the state-delivered institutions forming the welfare state, and these beliefs have affected policy-making and the welfare system during recent decades (Ellison, 2008 61-67). For example, Thatchers government was dedicated to rolli ng back the state and denying mutual commitments among citizens because allegedly society did not exist but comprised of competing individuals instead (Lowe, 1999 307). They aspired for those dependent on the state to become independent becauseIf those in need were encouraged to look passively to the state for help, they would be denied the invigorating experience of self-help and of family or community care (Ibid.).Therefore, the New Right were committed to re-moralising society, just as Poor Law reformers of the 1830s had before them, with a return to Victorian values (Ibid.). This generated a diminution in benefits and conditions stipulated for accessing these were toughened (Clarke et al., 2000 3). Furthermore, an increasing stigma was attached to publicly provided welfare and it was, in some respects, criminalised by linking US notions of welfare dependency and demoralisation to UK ideas of scrounging and undeserving (Ibid.). Fundamentally, welfare had come full circle whenInd ividualism as the motor of economic and social policy in the nineteenth and early twentieth centurys gave way to the collectivism of that classic welfare state only to re-emerge in the late twentieth century (Sullivan, 1996 xv).New Right emphasis on the holiness of marriage and family, the demonization of those who threatened these and their promotion of a social put based on Victorian values impacted on social work (Lymberry, 2001 372). It was forced to abandon its pretensions to providing a universalist service and focus on statutory duties, omitting the preventative remit laid out in the Seebohm Report (Ibid.). Furthermore, it underlined individuals expression after themselves and their families (Bochel, 2008 194). Subsequently, social work changed after the Barclay Report of the 1980s, which introduced community social work strategies and encouraged local authority social services departments to develop alternative ways of meeting social need (Sullivan, 1996 196). This approa ch envisaged moving from the traditional one-to-one focus towards facilitating self-help by communities, social networks, and individuals (Ibid.). Moreover, it heralded the movement of social workers from therapists to enablers, support informal carers instead of providing the care themselves (Ibid.).When looking at New Labour and their Third Way approach, a decisive shift has occurred in the role of the recipients of social work services. For example, Blair (2000 cited in Jordan, 2001 529) intended to change the welfare state from delivering passive support towards active support, promoting citizens independence instead. Taking the middle ground between free-market principles of the Conservative years and old style socialism it meant services would demand more from citizens, requiring people to contribute to a responsible community (Jordan, 2001 529-530). This tougher approach to welfare is obvious in expecting many single parents, the disabled, and those receiving employment bene fits to actively seek employment (Ellison, 2008 67). Additionally, benefits are now less generous and more strictly means-tested than in the crest of Keynesian welfare (Ibid.).Furthermore, the development of anti-oppressive practice signals a change in the attitudes towards the role of users of social work services. Anti-oppressive practice has emerged over the last decade, forms part of the diminutive social work tradition, and is concerned with transforming power relations at every level in practice (Healy, 2005 172-178). Theorists believe the social work role is political with social workers holding a privileged status in comparison to service users (Ibid). Therefore, social workers must be critical and reflective in order to not replicate oppressive social relations in practice (Ibid.). Furthermore, it promotes working in partnership with service users with power genuinely shared at both an interpersonal and institutional level (Dalrymple and Burke, 1995 65 cited in Healy, 200 5 187). Thus, service users opportunities for participation in decision-making should be maximised (Healy, 2005 187).Social work has been affected by the unabated advancement of consumer capitalism and service users are expected to be more involved in arranging and managing services (Harris, 2009 67). The New Right ideas emphasised that citizens had a right to freedom and choice (Ibid. 68) and recent Conservative and Labour administrations have encouraged citizens to participate in welfare services utilising market-like approaches to consultation and increased say-so in decision-making (Bochel, 2008 194). Efforts have been made to promote service user participation in planning and development with the view that their active role improves health and social care services (Carr, 2004 2). Furthermore, the importance of individual choice in improving provider effectiveness, the notion of citizens rights and responsibilities and a belief that individuals involvement in decision-making re sults in solutions that better meet their needs have been underlined (Bochel, 2008 194-195). This is evident in the Direct Payments scheme, endorsed on the basis of choice and independence, and demonstrates that the state increasingly expects citizens to be competent enterprising, managerial and main(a) individuals (Scourfield, 2007 108). However, as Scourfield (Ibid.) asserts this raises concerns about dependent citizens and emphasisesa danger of using independence and choice as central organizing principles is to forget how and why the public sector emerged in the first placeto ensure that those who are necessarily dependent are treated with respect and dignity, to ensure a collectivized approach to risk, and to ensure that unafraid(p) and reliable forms of support outside of the market or the family are available.Additionally, as Carr (2004 2) found, the extent to which service user participation leads to improvements in services varies and there is little monitoring and evaluat ion of the difference user participation is making. Furthermore, despite citizenship, choice, community, social inclusion and autonomy being key to New Labours programme, (Blair, 1998 cited in Humphries, 2004 95) Humphries (2004 95) contends Labours pursue of neo-liberal economic and morally repressing policies has degraded public services punishing and excluding those regarded as having been given a chance but having failed. She proposes it is social workers who are expected to implement the surveillance systems that operate these policies and under New Labour a shift has occurred towards social work having an increasingly negative and narrow practice focused on restriction, surveillance, control and exclusion (Ibid. 93-95). Thus, social work is concerned with the moralistic side of Labours policies rather than with empowering people instead (Jordan, 2001 cited in Humphries, 2004 94). Moreover, since 1993, increasingly punitive and repressive measures have been introduced to det er asylum seekers from coming to Britain and if they are granted access they enter an inhumane and inferior welfare system (Humphries, 2004 100). Acts such as the 1993 safety and Immigration Appeals Act and the 1996 Asylum and Immigration Act removed those subject to immigration controls from the welfare state (Ibid. 101) and Cohen (2003 cited in Humphries, 2004 101) describes the asylum support system as the creation of a modern day poor law based on coercion and lack of choice.This essay has documented the move from the use of the Victorian term pauper to the 21st century term service user by looking at shifts in government policy and welfare ideologies and its impact on social work. Looking back, one would hope we have progressed from the Victorian Poor Law that blamed the pauper for their need of assistance and deterred them from accessing support by rendering it as unpleasant as possible. However, when observing the stringent means-tested benefit system and New Labours tough a pproach welfare, ascertaining whether we have moved forward becomes questionable. Zarb (2006 2), referring to how older couples can be separated due to housing and care allocation, questions whether citizens are still treated like the paupers in the Poor Law era who were regularly split up for not meeting the parishes criteria for support. Furthermore, to finish, Wynne-Jones (2007 online), writing on the Joseph Rowntree Foundation website, highlights that today the media still assigns different types of morality to types of povertyThe undeserving poor are the Asbo kids and the hoodies, the drug-addicted and semipermanent unemployed. On the other hand, the deserving poor look a lot like middle Englanders fallen on hard times.Having spent time with a group of troubled young people on a Peckham estate, following the death of Damilola Taylor in 2000, she believes that it is through the stereotyped comedy characters such as Little Britains Vicky Pollard that Middle England reveals how th reatened it feels about the undeserving poor utilising comedy as a means of criticising our societies underclass (Ibid.). She maintains that as Middle England laughs from the restlessness that people like this exist on our poorest estates, years on from Damilolas death, we are still failing those, like the group in Peckham, who are damaged so badly by life that their only empowerment is to attack others (Ibid.). Therefore, to conclude, whilst a change in terminology has occurred moving from pauper to service user, it is problematic determining how far attitudes towards those in need of assistance have genuinely changed for the better.Reference ListBochel, C. (2008) State Welfare in Alcock, P. et al., (2008) The Students Companion to Social Policy, 3rd Ed, Oxford Blackwell.Carr, S. (2004) SCIE Position publisher 3 Summary Has service user participation made a difference to social care services? available at http//www.scie.org.uk/publications/positionpapers/pp03-summary.pdf accessed on seventeenth December 2009.Clarke, J. et al. (2000) Reinventing the Welfare State in Clarke, J. et al. (2000) New Managerialism New Welfare? London Sage.Ellison, N. (2008) Neo-Liberalism in Alcock, P. et al., (2008) The Students Companion to Social Policy,3rd Ed, Oxford Blackwell.Fraser, D. (2009) The Evolution of the British Welfare State, quaternary Ed, Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.Harris, J. (2009) Customer-citizenship in modernised social work in Modernising Social Work Critical Considerations, Bristol PolicyHealy, K (2005) Social Work Theories in Context Creating Frameworks for Practice, Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.Humphries, B. (2004) An unacceptable Role for Social Work Implementing Immigration Policy British diary of Social Work 34 93-107 available at http//bjsw.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/34/1/93 accessed on 17th December 2009.Jordan, B. (2001) Tough Love Social Work, Social Exclusion and the Third Way, British Journal of Social Work 31 527- 546.Lowe, R. (1999) The Welfare State in Britain Since 1945, 2nd Ed, Houndmills, Basingstoke Palgrave MacmillanLymberry, M. (2001) Social Work at the Crossroads, British Journal of Social Work 31 369-384 available at http//bjsw.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/31/3/369 accessed on 22nd December 2009.Oxford English Dictionary (2009) available at www.oed.com accessed on twenty-third November 2009.Payne, M. (2005) The Origins of Social Work Continuity and Change, Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.Pierson, J. Thomas, M. (2006) Collins Internet-Linked Dictionary of Social Work, Glasgow Harper Collins.Scourfield, P. (2007) Social Care and the Modern Citizen Client, Consumer, Service User, Manager and Entrepreneur British Journal of Social Work 37 107-122 available at http//bjsw.oxfordjournals.org.ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/cgi/reprint/37/1/107?maxtoshow=HITS=10hits=10RESULTFORMAT=1title=Social+Care+and+the+Modern+Citizen%3A+Client%2C+Consumerandorexacttitle=andandorexacttitleabs=andandorexactfullte xt=andsearchid=1FIRSTINDEX=0sortspec=relevanceresourcetype=HWCIT accessed on 24th November 2009.Spicker, P. (2008) Social Policy Themes and Approaches,2nd Ed, Bristol Policy.Sullivan, M. (1996) The Development of the British Welfare State, London Prentice HallThane, P. (1996) Foundations of the Welfare State, 2nd Ed, London New York Longman.Wynne-Jones, R. (2007) Deserving vs Undeserving available at http//www.jrf.org.uk/reporting-poverty/journalists-experiences/deserving-undeserving accessed on 16th December 2009.Zarb, G. (2006) From Paupers to Citizens Independent Living and Human Rights available at http//www.scie.org.uk/news/events/humanrights06/gerryzarb.pdf accessed on 17th December 2009.

Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre: A reconsideration :: Character Analysis, Miss Temple

In Lowood, a great part of Janes acknowledgment will be base on the concepts of (in)visibility as well as on the power of the gaze. Talking about Miss Temple, Jane Eyre dictates that Miss Temples language has something which chastened the pleasure of those who looked on her (Ch. , p.69). Unlike most of Janes visibilities, Miss Temple s is a positive visibility that pleases the beholders eyes. One may say this is because Jane loves this teacher and she is, more likely blinded by her love and confusion for Miss Temple. However, there is a sense of pleasantness associated with the character of Miss Temple. Such claims might be truer in the case of Jane who once goes on to say The refreshing meals, the brilliant fire. . . . they glowed in the bright tint of her cheek. (p. 70)After the departure of Miss Temple Jane who now lost her stead mother and till this act has never left Lowood is dawned by what she calls another discovery (p 81)I had undergone a transforming process that m y mind had put off all it had borrowed of Miss Temple . My area had for some years been in Lowood, my experience had been of its rules and systems now I remember that the real world is wide (81)The invisibility of Miss Temple has posed an fortune for Janes mind eye to transgress the visible (Lowood with all what it meant to Jane) to the invisible (or what she calls the real world) which, at this very moment, at least, invisible to her as it lies beyond the walls of this institution. It is this unthought-of-invisible that fashions Janes character in the coming chapters of the novel. It also determines her power of the gaze That is the way she looks at and feels about the world around her. Janes new romantic self becomes a corollary of her pursual in exploring the invisible that lies beyond the boundaries of Lowood. The new transformed self is also reflected in Janes forgiveness of her aunt Sarah Reed when she visits her at a latter time.I saw her in a black gown . From the town (85)I looked I saw a woman attired like a well-dressed consideration (86)After miss Temples departure from Lowood, Jane starts thinking ambitiously of knowing what lies beyond the boundaries of Lowood school

Curleys Wife Essay -- English Literature

Curleys Wife=============At first, Curleys wife is described to the reader through the comments of the men onthe ranch. Candy tells Lennie and George when he first meets them that she got theeye for the men on the ranch, pull down though she has only been married to Curley fortwo weeks. Candy thinks that she is a tart.We first meet Curleys wife when she comes into the bunkhouse, when Lennie andGeorge are in there. She is apparently looking for Curley but she already knows that unseasoned men have arrived. Steinbeck gives a detailed description of her as she stands inthe doorway of the bunkhouse and talks to Lennie and George. She is heavily madeup, with full rouged lips and red fingernails. Her body language is charged asshe positions herself in the doorway so that her body was thrown forward. Shesmiles archly and twitched her body. The general impression the reader gains is ofa young girl who is pretty and wants the attention of men.Georges answer to Curleys wife, however, make s the reader realize that she is apotential threat to the two men. George sees her as poison and jailbait. He is angrywith Lennies admiration of her shes purty and fiercely tells him that he must stay out-of-door from her. Dont you even take a look at that bitch. Later, when we find outwhat happened at Weed, where Lennie frightens a woman by stroking her dress andthey are coerce to flee the town from a lynch mob, we understand why George is soalarmed that she will be the cause of more trouble for them.Whits opinion of Curleys wife is one of bewilderment, he seesthrough the flirty appearance and just sees a girl trying too seekattention, but he still doesnt understand why she acts desire ... ...only married Curley to get away from home. Shemet him at the Riverside Dance Palais, probably attracted to him because he was theson of a ranch owner. Now, however, the reality is that she doesnt even like him. Heaint a nice fella, she confides in Lennie. When they are talking together she showssome kindness to Lennie when she realizes that he understands little of what she issaying. After she is beat(p) we are shown by Steinbeck a different side of Curleys wife.In death the meanness and the plannings and the discontent and the ache forattention have gone from her face. We see she is just a young and pretty girl.Steinbecks description of her dead body seems designed to make us see her as a victim of life.The best located plans o mice and-------------------------------men gang aft agley. (Robert Burns)Best laid Plans often goes astray.