Do you think the strategic Essay

Do you think the strategic use and display of emotions serve to protect employees, or does covering your true emotions at work lead to more problems than it solves? By farhanzscania As this chapter has shown, emotions are an inevitable part of people’s behavior at work. At the same time, it’s not entirely clear that we’ve reached a point where people feel comfortable expressing all emotions at work. The reason might be that business culture and etiquette remain poorly suited to handling overt emotional displays. The uestion is, can organizations become more intelligent about emotional management? Is it ever appropriate to yell, laugh, or cry at work? Some people are skeptical about the virtues of more emotional displays at the workplace. As the chapter notes, emotions are automatic physiological responses to the environment, and as such, they can be difficult to control appropriately. One 22- year-old customer service representative named Laura who was the subject of a case study noted that fear and anger were routinely used as methods to control employees, and employees eeply resented this use of emotions to manipulate them. In another case, the chairman of a major television network made a practice of screaming at employees whenever anything went wrong, leading to badly hurt feelings and a lack of loyalty to the organization. Like Laura, workers at this organization were hesitant to show their true reactions to these emotional outbursts for fear of being branded as â€Å"weak† or â€Å"ineffectual. † It might seem like these individuals worked in heavily emotional workplaces, but in fact, only a narrow range of emotions was deemed acceptable. Anger appears to be more acceptable than sadness in many organizations, and anger can have serious maladaptive consequences. Others believe organizations that recognize and work with emotions effectively are more creative, satisfying, and productive. For example, Laura noted that if she could express her hurt feelings without fear, she would be much more satisfied with her work. In other words, the problem with Laura’s organization is not that emotions are displayed, but that emotional displays are handled poorly. Others note that use of emotional knowledge, ike being able to read and understand the reactions of others, is crucial for workers ranging from salespeople and customer service agents all the way to managers and executives. One survey even found that 88% of workers feel being sensitive to the emotions of others is an asset. Management consultant Erika Anderson notes, â€Å"Crying at work is transformative and can open the door to change. † The question then is, â€Å"Can organizations take specific steps to become better at allowing emotional displays without opening a Pandora’s box of outbursts? â€Å"

The Genetic Code

The Genetic Code Overview This module will examine how information is encoded in DNA, and how that information is interpreted to bring about changes in cells and tissues. Objectives 1. Understand the triplet nature of the genetic code, and know the meaning of the term codon. 2. Know that the code is degenerate, and what that means. 3. Know that the code is unambiguous, and what that means. 4. Know the identities of the start and stop codons, and understand how they work. The Genetic Code It has been mentioned in a variety of modules that DNA stores genetic information.That much was clear from the  experiments  of Avery, Macleod, and McCarty and Hershey and Chase. However, these experiments did not explain  how  DNA stores genetic information. Elucidation of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick did not offer an obvious explanation of how the information might be stored. DNA was constructed from nucleotides containing only four possible bases (A, G, C, and T). The big quest ion was: how do you code for all of the traits of an organism using only a four letter alphabet? Recall the  central dogma of molecular biology.The information stored in DNA is ultimately transferred to protein, which is what gives cells and tissues their particular properties. Proteins are linear chains of amino acids, and there are 20 amino acids found in proteins. So the real question becomes: how does a four letter alphabet code for all possible combinations of 20 amino acids? By constructing multi-letter â€Å"words† out of the four letters in the alphabet, it is possible to code for all of the amino acids. Specifically, it is possible to make 64 different three letter words from just the four letters of the genetic alphabet, which covers the 20 amino acids easily.This kind of reasoning led to the proposal of a triplet genetic code. Experiments involving  in vitro  translation of short synthetic RNAs eventually confirmed that the genetic code is indeed a triplet co de. The three-letter â€Å"words† of the genetic code are known as  codons. This experimental approach was also used to work out the relationship between individual codons and the various amino acids. After this â€Å"cracking† of the genetic code, several properties of the genetic code became apparent: * The genetic code is composed of nucleotide triplets.In other words, three nucleotides in mRNA (a codon) specify one amino acid in a protein. * The code is non-overlapping. This means that successive triplets are read in order. Each nucleotide is part of only one triplet codon. * The genetic code is unambiguous. Each codon specifies a particular amino acid, and only one amino acid. In other words, the codon ACG codes for the amino acid threonine, and  only  threonine. * The genetic code is degenerate. In contrast, each amino acid can be specified by  more  than one codon. * The code is nearly universal.Almost all organisms in nature (from bacteria to humans) use exactly the same genetic code. The rare exceptions include some changes in the code in mitochondria, and in a few protozoan species. * A Non-overlapping Code * The genetic code is read in groups (or â€Å"words†) of three nucleotides. After reading one triplet, the â€Å"reading frame† shifts over three letters, not just one or two. In the following example, the code would  not  be read GAC, ACU, CUG, UGA†¦ * * Rather, the code would be read GAC, UGA, CUG, ACU†¦ * * Degeneracy of the Genetic Code There are 64 different triplet codons, and only 20 amino acids. Unless some amino acids are specified by more than one codon, some codons would be completely meaningless. Therefore, some redundancy is built into the system: some amino acids are coded for by multiple codons. In some cases, the redundant codons are related to each other by sequence; for example, leucine is specified by the codons CUU, CUA, CUC, and CUG. Note how the codons are the same except f or the third nucleotide position. This third position is known as the â€Å"wobble† position of the codon.This is because in a number of cases, the identity of the base at the third position can wobble, and the same amino acid will still be specified. This property allows some protection against mutation – if a mutation occurs at the third position of a codon, there is a good chance that the amino acid specified in the encoded protein won't change. * Reading Frames * If you think about it, because the genetic code is triplet based, there are three possible ways a particular message can be read, as shown in the following figure: * * Clearly, each of these would yield completely different results.To illustrate the point using an analogy, consider the following set of letters: * theredfoxatethehotdog * If this string of letters is read three letters at a time, there is one reading frame that works: * the red fox ate the hot dog * and two reading frames that produce nonsen se: * t her edf oxa tet heh otd og * th ere dfo xat eth eho tdo g * Genetic messages work much the same way: there is one reading frame that makes sense, and two reading frames that are nonsense. * So how is the reading frame chosen for a particular  mRNA? The answer is found in the genetic code itself.The code contains signals for starting and stopping translation of the code. The  start codon  is  AUG. AUG also codes for the amino acid methionine, but the first AUG encountered signals for translation to begin. The start codon sets the reading frame: AUG is the first triplet, and subsequent triplets are read in the same reading frame. Translation continues until a  stop codon  is encountered. There are three stop codons:  UAA,  UAG, and  UGA. To be recognized as a stop codon, the triplet  must  be in the same reading frame as the start codon. A reading frame between a start codon and an in-frame stop codon is called an  open reading frame.Let's see how a seq uence would be translated by considering the following sequence: 5†²-GUCCCGUGAUGCCGAGUUGGAGUCGAUAACUCAGAAU-3†² First, the code is read in a  5†² to 3†² direction. The first AUG read in that direction sets the reading frame, and subsequent codons are read in frame, until the stop codon, UAA, is encountered. Note that there are three nucleotides, UAG (indicated by asterisks) that would otherwise constitute a stop codon, except that the codon is out of frame and is not recognized as a stop. In this sequence, there are nucleotides at either end that are outside of the open reading frame.Because they are outside of the open reading frame, these nucleotides are not used to code for amino acids. This is a common situation in mRNA molecules. The region at the 5†² end that is not translated is called the  5†² untranslated region, or  5†² UTR. The region at the 3†² end is called the  3†² UTR. These sequences, even though they do not encode any polypeptide sequence, are not wasted: in eukaryotes these regions typically contain regulatory sequences that can affect when a message gets translated, where in a cell an mRNA is localized, and how long an mRNA lasts in a cell before it is destroyed.A detailed examination of these sequences is beyond the scope of this course. The Genetic Code: Summary of Key Points * The genetic code is a triplet code, with codons of three bases coding for specific amino acids. Each triplet codon specifies only one amino acid, but an individual amino acid may be specified by more than one codon. * A start codon, AUG, sets the reading frame, and signals the start of translation of the genetic code. Translation continues in a non-overlapping fashion until a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) is encountered in frame. The nucleotides between the start and stop codons comprise an open reading frame.

EFFECTIVE TRAINING METHODS FOR LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT Essay

EFFECTIVE TRAINING METHODS FOR LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT - Essay Example rms of knowledge and learning with the help of such concepts as â€Å"learning organisation†, â€Å"intellectual capital†, â€Å"people-centred approach† or â€Å"knowledge based management†. Cakar and Bititci (2001) perfectly summarise this trend in the following statement: â€Å"1980s were all about automation. In the manufacturing industry FMS, FAS, Robots, AGVS etc. were commonplace. The 1990s have been about people, this is evident in the development of†¦ concepts throughout the 90s focusing on delegation, involvement, ownership cross functional teamwork, self managed works teams and so on†¦ The needs of modern business emphasize the role and importance of people and knowledge† (p.2). The ideas of Peter Drucker (1994), whom was the first to use term ‘knowledge worker’, and other theorists and practitioners working in the same direction became popular in 1980s when investments in human resources were increasingly justified as being more cost-efficient than investments in machines. Strong and effective leadership is a critically important aspect of modern human resource management practices and organisation’s functioning. Defining what makes a great leader is not a simple task. Leadership is an exceptionally complex phenomenon and the amount of literature covering various aspects of leading and managing people highlights this complexity. Despite huge amount of books and articles dedicated to the issue, there is still a great deal of ambiguity surrounding the true meaning of effective leadership in contemporary organizational environment. In psychology the phenomenon of leadership has traditionally been associated with in-group dynamics of social interactions. In any group, regardless of its size, members differ in their degree of social influence over one another: â€Å"†¦ the person who exerts the most influence on the rest of the group thus affecting group beliefs and behaviour is usually addressed as leader† (Hollander, 1985: 14). Although this

Food and migrations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Food and migrations - Essay Example By then, they had no opportunity to put up their restaurants as they were just mere immigrants, and they were still familiarizing with the environment and the culture around. Not long before the K-town started experiencing some developments. The large population, demand for food ad accommodation was high, so the restaurants that were present by then were extremely expensive, both in terms of food prices and accommodation. The restaurants operated all night long, and 32nd street was exclusively the best. It had neon- lit strip and the town was speckled with Karaoke bars and greasy, with restaurants that operated throughout the night, and to date it is absurdly the most expensive retail strips in New York City. It is anticipated that, in a lapse of time, the K-town might be the center of attraction of all the cities in America, given that some restaurants that are set up in other towns use the â€Å"K-Town† label in establishing themselves. This paper shall succinctly d iscuss food and migration and particularly focus on Manhattan Koreatown and the roles played by the restaurants around this place. Community in K-Town, As mentioned in the introduction, Food and migration is a factor that significantly contributed towards the growth the development of the koreatown, better known as k-town. The town is inhabited by diverse people, Koreans, Japanese, Chinese also American inhabitants. In such a case, one would expect that the food available in this place is also remarkably diverse. One has to ensure food is available for all the communities around. Even though, the town is inhabited by various people, Japanese, Asians and Chinese community are in a large population. Its high population also determines the food that is available. At the time, the study was carried out, much about why most of the restaurants are referred to as the Korean restaurants were not conducted. However, from the interviews that

Politics and Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Politics and Economics - Research Paper Example Man is always changing – from his physical traits to his values and cultures. He changes even his way of life in order to cope with his ever changing environment. Because of the changes in his environment, economic resources have become scarce. This is the main reason for us to economize (McConnell & Brue, 2005). We need to make economic choices every day of our life – from choosing our food to eat, deciding what and where to buy our clothes and how much fuel should be filled in our car. And in every decision that we make, we has to forgo an alternative and incur a cost. In our decision makings, we need to consider the prices we have to pay. Prices in the economy may affect individuals’ buying behaviors and decisions. Prices of goods imported to the U.S. may affect the individuals’ decision making. Principles of economics can explain the behaviors of both sellers and consumers towards price changes. We, as consumers, tend to buy more when prices are lower and buy less or even delay buying when prices are high. However, the reported drop in the prices of imported goods could also be attributed to the increase in goods imported to the United States.

Funding proposal for center for bioethical mentorship for clinicians Essay

Funding proposal for center for bioethical mentorship for clinicians working with chronically disables patients &their families - Essay Example Therefore, several projects would be fundamental for a bioethical center that seeks to advance high moral character for the clinicians. The first project is the inquiry into societal change, which makes some values that were upheld in the past virtually inapplicable in the present society. Another key element that would serve as a vital project for the bioethical center is human abuse, which calls for a thorough inquiry into various forms of human abuse, both psychological and physical, which acts as a deterrent to the recovery of patients. The nature of interactions and how they impact on the patients and their relationship with clinicians is yet another relevant area of inquiry, with a view to developing basic essentials of interactions that impact positively on the patients. Any project undertaken in the above three areas will be essential part of informing the development of moral character for clinicians, owing to the fact that the areas address all the moral components that eme rges from any interaction between clinicians and

Choose from the book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

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Theories of Ethnicity and Nationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Theories of Ethnicity and Nationalism - Essay Example She writes: â€Å"The two postwar periods of intense affirmation of ethnic categories in personal, social, cultural and political life were both unexpected. Indeed, in some quarters, re-attachment to the culture and community of birth was seen as a mistake of history. This is because of four distinct but, in this respect, converging processes which marked the world order immediately after the end of World War II: first, the process of de-colonisation and development in Asia and Africa; second, the process of integration in Europe; third, the process of expansion and entrenchment of Soviet communism; and fourth, the creation, in 1945, of the United Nations out of the ashes of the League of Nations. These great transformations were expected to create social conditions in which ethnicity and its related phenomenon, nationalism, would be superseded by more 'modern', universalistic, rational, civic or class-based forms of human identification, striving and association and by internationa l or transnational forms of human governance.† (Epstein, 2009) Following this, the important factors to note in post-war concepts of ethnicity are that nationalism and ethnicity had joined with fascism in the regimes of Germany, Italy, and Japan and this is largely credited with the aggression that fueled WWII. There is a perceived inherent danger of fanaticism in the fusion of identity politics and nationalism with ethnicity that led many to conclude that such belief was a â€Å"mistake of history†. (Epstein, 2009) However, in each instance where Leoussie cites popular expectation academically and popularly for a rejection of ethnicity in favor of international institutions or class-based structures of identity, historical evolution has proved that it did not in fact occur as expected. From this, Leoussie suggests that there are a number of â€Å"backlashes,† that occur in post-war academia that transform the way theories of ethnicity are posited in sociology pa rticularly, but also in related fields of anthropology, history, linguistics, psychology, etc. The four converging processes cited by Leoussie in the post-war era contain innumerable examples where theories of ethnicity and nationalism were proved false by subsequent historical development. In the first instance of de-colonisation in Asia and Africa, it is inevitable that liberation process and creation of new national identity would give birth to a stronger patriotic spirit in the indigenous population. However, many of the colonial areas were Western border constructions and the ethnic mix of the indigenous population contained innumerable different tribal groups, for example as in India, leading to further fragmentation of national identity on ethnic and religious lines, as in the partition of Pakistan and Bangladesh. The Socialist and Communist elements of national liberation struggles clearly expected the new identity to be based on class-consciousness and not ethnicity, and th is is replicated in the Soviet example in which innumerable ethnic minorities were repressed. Leoussie cites European integration post-war as a process despite the fact that the continent was divided during the Cold War because the division was on the ideological grounds of communism vs. capitalism rather than based on traditional

Budget Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Budget - Essay Example ncreased interest in research on this topic, and to analyze whether the current approaches of budgeting hinder the effectiveness of modern organizations. Dynamic Business Environment: The present business environment presents a very dynamic situation in front of the managers. In this scenario, budget is seen as a constraint rather than as a planning tool. As a result of this dynamic business environment, the relevancy of the budget is very short lived. Budges result in centralization of the decision making process. This delays the decision making and reduces and organization’s ability to respond to changing environment. The concept of how a successful company operates in the information age is shifting from â€Å"make-and-sell† to â€Å"sense-and respond† (Haeckel, 1999). Budgeting done in isolation: Many managers who are against budgeting believe that budgeting encourages a myopic planning horizon indicating a delinking of the budget and strategy (Shastri, 2008). Budgets are done in isolation and are not aligned to company strategy and goals. Moreover, the budgeting horizon is not linked to the business cycle resulting in long budgeting periods in rapidly changing industries and short budgeting periods in extremely dynamic industries. Hinders Innovation: The bureaucracy and controls created as a result of the budgeting process stop the culture of challenging the status quo. Most of the units focus on operating within the budget thereby reducing the chances of innovation. Most of the subunits focus on operating within their own budgets and hence do not take innovation as a philosophy (Hope and Fraser, 2001). Expensive: It is often argued that the budgeting process followed at organizations is inefficient. This results in the wastage of time of the senior management. Budgeting is also an expensive exercise in terms of capital required for the budgeting purpose. Sophisticated Budgeting Techniques: With the drawbacks of the budget and the budgeting techniques,

Social Work Compentcies PowerPoint Presentation

Social Work Compentcies - PowerPoint Presentation Example Therefore rather than pathologise her connections in the lives of her family members, I choose to treat this as culturally normal and help her figure out ways to establish some boundaries. This shows what I do in my work with clients that I think is represented in the image that I have included here in my portfolio. This video represents an ethical dilemma. During my practicum experience I am often faced with an ethical dilemma. I watched this video and they suggested several strategies that I have implemented in my agency when I face an ethical dilemma. I used the steps recommended in the video to address several ethical dilemmas. I became aware that a client has selling his food stamps. This is a violation of the agency policy. The client sold these food stamps to get money to buy cough syrup for her daughter who had a severe cough. I realized that although this seemed like a legitimate need for money, the food stamp policy is clear, that food stamps are not to be sold. I followed the steps in this video to think about what should be my action steps. Literacy is an important aspect in the community. It would be beneficial to identify the literacy needs in that community. The needs are assessed and evaluated to know which would be the best method to be used to educate the community. The above image inspired me to involve all the participants during the meetings we held. The above image shows that the world is the way it is because of the presence of diversity. In my practicum experience, I noticed that there were different patients who had different need and thus needed to be treated differently. Recognition of cultural diversity entails respecting the differences of people in the society. Each person’s beliefs and lifestyles are respected while having an understanding and support of the differences. Embracing culture in the society is important in enhancing cultural structure in the society. I was able to

The development in the new world Essay Example for Free

The development in the new world Essay The 17th century was the colonial era when the British settled in North America. These colonies are categorized into three groups- New England, Middle, and Southern. Although economy and religion had importance, geography was the primary factor in shaping the development of the British colonies. Although the separatists came to North America for religious reasons, it was not the reason for New England’s development and prosperity. Geography is the primary factor because economic activities and trade were all dependent of the environment in which the colonists lived. Its cold climate, thick forest, and poor rocky soil made the land unsuitable for crops. Therefore, they had to rely on the natural resources they had. The towns along the coast made their living off fish, whaling, and shipbuilding. The coast New England settled on is important in showing the precedence of geography because it provided the colonies with a booming cod fishing industry. If they had not settled where they did, they would not have developed such a marketable product. The cod fishing industry along with the triangular trade is the reason economy was the secondary factor. Cod played an important role in developing the economy of colonial New England. In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith wrote about New England cod fishing as an example of the successful practice of free enterprise. The triangular trade route, which came to Boston in 17th century, is another example of economy contributing the development of the colonies. Boston carried rum made in New England to Africa to trade for slaves that were brought to Caribbean plantations, where molasses was purchased and brought back to New England to make rum. This is important because this new economic development was a huge growth of rum-making distilleries in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. It also gave a push to other industries, such as shipbuilding to carry goods to longer distances such as Africa. Religion was the last factor in the development of the New England colonies. The famous group of separatists departed to Holland to flee from King James I religious persecution. After twelve years of living in Holland, the English’s children started to become â€Å"Dutchified†, so they secured rights with the Virginia Company to settle under their jurisdiction and ended up in the Massachusetts Bay colony. However, within these religious communities were those that had their own beliefs. This is  important to the development of New England because these people would create their own colonies, i.e. Anne Hotchinson and Roger Williams. Hotchinson challenged Puritan orthodoxy by saying that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and the truly saved do not need to obey the law of God. She was then exiled and found Rhode Island along with Roger Williams, who was too exiled for he challenged the bay colony for taking Indian land unfairly. Many came to Rhode Island because they granted complete religious freedom, even for Jews and Catholics. Geography was the primary factor in shaping the development of the Middle Colonies. New York was founded at the mouth of the Hudson River and Philadelphia on the Delaware River. This is important because it created the perfect location for trade. It proves geography to be the primary factor because if the colonies were not founded along the coast they would not have been able to create the profitable trading posts that they had, which would then lead to lack of economic success. Pennsylvania had fertile soil and a mild climate well suited for farming and agriculture. They had raw materials such as timbers, fur, and coal, but most importantly, iron ore. This is significant to proving geography as the primary factor because not only could they take advantage of New York and New Jersey’s location at ports to export their agricultural products, but they could also manufacture their own iron products such as plows, locks, and nails, and export them to England. If it were not for the geography of where they settled, they would not have been able to create such a large business, making it the primary factor in the development of the Middle Colonies. The close second is economy. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware were developed into profitable trading centers. The excellent harbors along the coasts of the Middle Colonies were ideal sites for cities. This was the perfect place for merchants to export cash crops, especially grain, and imported manufactured goods. This trade was important to the development of the Middle Colonies because it resulted in Philadelphia becoming the fastest growing city in the colonies. The city’s wealth brought public improvements such as Philadelphia’s statehouse (Independence Hall) and streetlights along paved roads. New York also attained its rapid growth from trading. Its busy port handled numerous products including flour, bread, furs, and whale oil. Not only did their trade ports create large profit and advancement in cities, it created large diversity. Various immigrant groups arrived in the port cities of the Middle Colonies. This would prove to be helpful because one of the largest immigrant groups was the Germans, who continued to help in the Middle Colonies’ economy. They were known to be advanced in farming and brought over their tradition of artisanship. They built Conestoga wagons that were suitable for carrying produce throughout towns and offered covers to protect the produce from rain. Most of these Germans came as indentured servants searching for religious tolerance. Religion also made a big contribution to the Middle Colonies. William Penn was attracted to the Quaker faith in 1660 at only sixteen years old. Wanting to create an asylum for his people, Penn received a grant from the king in 1681. His Quaker faith demanded Pennsylvania to have no tax-supported church, no demanded allegiance, equality between men and women, no slavery, and most importantly, freedom of worship. As a result, immigrants flooded the colony. Although Penn was against slavery, many of the immigrants were not, thus African slavery began. This proves religion to be of influence to the shaping of development in the Middle Colonies because it provided large population growth and started some of the slavery in the North. Geography is the primary factor for the Southern Colonies’ success and development. The colonists of Jamestown settled in the Chesapeake area, which was largely swampy. In this muggy area, the colonists were subject to an onslaught of diseases such as malaria and yellow fever. This inhibited the development of the colony for after two years they still only had a population of 400. England sent the colonists to the New World in hopes to repeat the success of Spaniards who found gold in South America. However, once they realized the land was incapable of offering gold, they were forced to change their goals, i.e. grow their own food and find a marketable commodity. Virginia, Maryland, and Carolina all found gold in their tobacco, rice, and sugar plantations. Therefore, although economic success was the main reason for the Southern Colonies’ survival, it could not have been possible without the lands’ fertile soil and warm climates, which proves geography to be the primary factor. Therefore, economics, being the savior of the Virginia colony, is secondary in the development of the Southern  Colonies. John Rolfe brought commercial success to Jamestown by introducing tobacco as a colonial export. Colonists now hungered for more land to grow tobacco. Now that they had more tobacco plantations, they needed more workers. This is important because it began African slavery in the colonies. This proves that economy is important because it would dramatically shape the morals and viewpoint of slavery in the rest of the colonies. Maryland had the largest slave population who worked on cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar, and indigo plantations. This is important because it also contributed to the Southern Colonies’ economic success. However, it also unfortunately proves the beginnings of slavery in the south. Religion had little importance in comparison to geography and economics. In 1649, the colony of Maryland passed the Act of Toleration, which guaranteed toleration to all Christians. It decreed the death penalty to any group who denied the divinity of God; therefore, it granted Catholics safety. This is important to religion because after the colonial era ended, Maryland sheltered Roman Catholics more than any other colony. In this way, it proves that religion had albeit little, some importance in shaping the development in the Southern Colonies. As a whole, colonial America’s development was influenced by geography, religion, and economy. However, the most important contribution was made by geography. Without its land and resources, the colonies would not have been able to prosper and develop into the successful colonies they became. Each of the three groups had their own unique aspects such as the coast, ports, and fertility, and that is all they needed to begin their industrious colonies.

Improving Education Healthy Lifestyle Malaysia Health And Social Care Essay

Improving Education Healthy Lifestyle Malaysia Health And Social Care Essay Healthcare systems are facing major challenges as they struggle to meet increasing demand with limited resources. Demographic changes, changing disease patterns, illegal immigrants, industrialization, issues of quality and efficiency, shortages or misdistribution of human resources, financial constraint, inadequate research and globalization are the major challenges faced by Malaysias healthcare system as it prepares to restructure itself. Globalization can be described as the integration of economic systems, capital movements and opportunities for different peoples through better information and communication technologies. But locally it has come to mean the increased insecurity and powerlessness that people (particularly poor people) feel in the face of global processes. Impact of globalization on populations health is predictable since globalization will change trade processes and also social and cultural shift. The future healthcare must transform the healthcare system, by making it more integrated, disseminated and virtual. The Malaysian future healthcare system will need to align with and support national health vision and goals. The services must be seen in the context of achieving the vision and the value it adds in achieving national health goals. Existing and the health system of the future must be guided by clear guiding principles and philosophy as well as being robust. Malaysia will develop one of the most advanced health systems of the world by harnessing the power of information and multimedia technologies to transform the delivery of healthcare. Hypertension Hypertension is one of the most common worldwide diseases affecting humans. Because of the associated morbidity and mortality and the cost to society, hypertension is an important public health challenge. 33% of the Malaysian adult population suffering Hypertension and it is including overall gender, race and ages (Lim, Morad et al, 2004) Over the past several decades, research widespread patient education and a concerted afford on the part of healthcare professional have led the decreased mortality and morbidity rates from the multiple organ damage arising from years of untreated hypertension. Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive cardiac failure, end stage renal failure and peripheral vascular disease . Many interrelated factors contribute to these mechanisms and may differ between individuals, such as the rennin-angiotensin system, endothelial dysfunction, salt intake, obesity, genetics and low birth weight (Beevers et. al 2001). The significance on the high blood pressure condition will be more critical, which may lead to the complex complication such as stroke, increase mortality rate and also increase risk of cerebral haemorrhage. The increasing prevalence of the Hypertension due to ageing process, the identification of the risk factors and diagnosis will able to control the Hypertension among the elderly people ( Ong, Oung et al , 2010). In view to improve the healthcare system to be more healthy, the responsibilities of the healthcare provider will focus on the preventive strategy as it will be able to decrease the prevalence of Hypertension in the general population. The main issue to be focused will be on the unhealthy eating habits among the population, lack of physical activity, genetic factor, unhealthy lifestyle, stress and other contributing factors related.. Prevention From Intervention Strategy The prevention and management of Hypertension is to reduce morbidity and mortality by the least intrusive means possible. This maybe accomplish by achieving and maintaining the systolic blood pressure below 140mmHg and diastolic blood pressure below 90mmHg and lower if tolerable, while controlling other modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The treatment to lower levels maybe useful particularly: 1. To prevent stroke 2. To preserve renal function 3. To prevent or slow heart failure progression The above goals maybe achieved by non-pharmacological and pharmacological methods. Before we consider any active treatment of establish hypertension, there is an even greater need to look at the prevention of the disease. Without planning prevention, the hypertension problem will always remain and it will only rely solely on the detection of existing high blood pressure. Primary prevention provide an attractive opportunities to interrupt and prevent the continue costly cycle of managing hypertension and its complications. This primary prevention (non-pharmacological treatment) can be achieved by the following manners: Lifestyle Modification There is no direct randomized evidence demonstrating that reducing blood pressure through lifestyle measure will reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease but it seems likely since trials have shown that benefits of anti-hypertensive treatment are determined primarily by the blood pressure reduction. The benefits of the lifestyle modification are summarized as below To lower the blood pressure in the individual patient. To reduce the need for anti-hypertension drugs and maximize the efficacy To address the other risk factors presence For primary prevention of hypertension and associated Cardiovascular disorders in population. Although there are difficulties in achieving and maintaining proper lifestyle changes, a systemic team utilizing health care professionals and community resources when possible can assist in providing the necessary education support and follow up. Smoking Cessation Cigarette smoking is one of the most powerful risk factor for cardiovascular disease and avoiding of tobacco in any form is essential. There is significant raise in the blood pressure accompany the smoking of each cigarette. All hypertensive patients who smoke should receive appropriate counseling for smoking cessation and nicotine replacement therapy should be considered. Those who continue to smoke may not receive the full degree of protection against cardiovascular disease from anti-hypertensive therapy. The cardiovascular benefit of discontinuing tobacco use can be seen as early as within 6 months in all age groups and by 2 years; they are probably at the same risk with non smoker. Manson et al 1992, Doll et al 1994 (Breen J, 2008) state that Smoking cessation is probably the most effective lifestyle measure for the prevention of a number of cardiovascular diseases . Weight Reduction Excess body mass is correlated closely with an increase of blood pressure. Excess body weight increases the risk of hypertension (Stamler, 1991). Usage of nonpharmacological therapy can be used to reduce the weight loss as it has been proven that it is also able to reduce the blood pressure level (Kuller, 2009). The responsibilities on the weight reduction should be begin with own awareness by the high risk population. However with the frequent advertisement by the healthcare provider in the electronic advertisement will be able to create the depth understanding on the important of the reduction of weight. The losing of weight should not drastically occurs, as it lead to the haemodynamic status in the cardiovascular circulation Diet changes In Malaysia, most of the adult and elderly ages develop habit to take heavy supper meal late of the night and sometimes it is contain of high saturated fat that might lead to increasing fat deposition among the population. Fast food consist of high carbohydrate and high sodium contain in prepared foods, that also introduce to the risk of Malaysian population to develop Hypertension. This unhealthy dietary habit only lead to the high statistic of incidence Hypertension. Increasing fruit and vegetable, higher intake of calcium, magnesium or potassium has contributed to the beneficial effects of some of this diet. Regular fish consumption may enhance blood pressure reduction in obese hypertensive patient and yield additional benefits on the lipid profile. Hence all hypertensive patients should be advised to eat more fruit and vegetables, fish and to reduce their fat intake. This diet habit should be developed by providing continuous awareness among the high risk population with providin g them a pamphlet at the public area and introduction on the preparation of low salt diet copyright in the compact disc or download into the website, as it will assist the public on the good eating habit on their own convenience. Physical activity Sedentary patients should be advised to take up moderate level of aerobic exercise on regular basis such as a brisk walk or swim for 30 45 minutes, 3 4 times a week. Regular aerobic exercise reduces BP in nonmotensive and hypertensive individuals (Cooper et al 2000).When compared with more active and fit individuals, sedentary individuals with normal blood pressure have 20 50% increase of developing hypertension. Regular exercise activity has been documented to lower the systolic blood pressure by about 4 8mmHg. Isometric exercises such as heavy weight lifting can have a pressor effect and it should be avoided. Patient with cardiac while other serious health problems need a more thorough evaluation, often including a cardiac stress test and may need referral to a specialist or medically supervised exercise program. Prioritization the Health Issue Policy Government and private healthcare should consider on the development of the policy for the benefit for all. Reinforcement of the government policy will enhance the public oriented program on the important of preventive the hypertension rather than treat the hypertension. Target Group The prioritization will be focus on the high risk group of population, such as executive, professional, new graduate adolescence, obesity individual and genetic. These groups are exposing to the risk of hypertension. The fast pace in the working environment , compounded the fact that work was physically demanding and influence the workers on the limited role (Rafnsdottir and Gudmundsdottir, 2004) especially on their well being activities. The proactive intervention will be able to assist the healthcare provider to prepare the public towards the reduction of the prevalence hypertension, especially in managing obesity, improve diet and increase physical activities. Activities and Reward Program Suggested that all the organization or company focus to improve the healthy well being environment such as formation of the mini gymnasium in order to encourage the involvement of the workers after duty or during break. Nevertheless, it will encourage high commitment to improve their healthy lifestyle without prejudice. Rewards program introduced to the actively participation in the gymnasium will be boost the enthusiasm among the workers in the organization. Thus, it will reduce risk of incidence hypertension and increase healthy life style among the population in cosmopolitan era. Broadcasting Involvement of the broadcasting in promoting the important of healthy lifestyle will enhance the awareness among population on the management of preventing hypertension. Billboard along the highway, public area also able to assist the improvement of knowledge among the public. Public Talk Should be conducted at all ages, begin with primary school students, elementary schools, universities, seminars, workshop and promotion using bunting and banner, as it will create continuous understanding of the disease. Conclusion In 2006 The Third National Health and Morbidity Survey, The Prevalence of hypertension among adult 30 years old and above was 43% has increase 30% compared to 10 years ago (Merican, M, I., 2008). This figures shows that the hypertension can be considered serious illness which may effect the healthy well being among Malaysian population. Furthermore it can cause potentially life threatening if not detect and treated early. Awareness on the hypertension will be no ending as this condition might occur at any level of ages. Contribution of the public towards reducing the hypertension prevalence and early identification of the risk factor enable the well being lifestyle among Malaysian.

Water Cost Problem in United States: Expansion and Solution

Water Cost Problem in United States: Expansion and Solution Introduction Over the past one decade, there has been an immense increase in water usage in United States of America. This is as a result of increasing population, as well as advanced development in industries and settlements, among many other reasons. The steady rise of water usage has conversely increased the cost of water in a number of states, which is now being considered as a looming problem. According to latest research, there is an increased outcry from the public domain, regarding the ever-escalating prices of acquiring water. In respect to this, there should be quick solutions into the matter, or else the nation will be burden with outrageous costs of water. Moreover, it must be understood that increased costs of providing water, leads to adverse water shortage, since few people can only afford it. However, a closer look into this situation increases the puzzle on what is the main reason behind water shortages and pollution. (Grimm, et al, 2008) Causes of water shortage and pollution There are a number of causes behind increased water shortage and pollutions; however below are some of the most substantial causes. Increase production of farming and agriculture industry Environmental experts claim that the lack of sustainable agriculture is the biggest challenge or threat to the environment. The increased farming production to counter the inefficient food production, consequentially leads to pollution, deforestation and water shortages. It is believed that agricultural industry wastes around 65% or 1450 trillion liters, of the 2500 trillion liters of water is uses per year. The poor agricultural practice is very harmful to the environment where it drains up rivers, lakes, as well as underground water sources. In return it increases soli salinity, hence degrading its quality. On the other hand, by washing pesticides and pollutants into rivers, the sources of water get polluted at the end of the day. A lot of fingers have been pointed towards leaky irrigation systems, which causes water shortages. Other processes which causes water shortage includes; the cultivation of thirsty crops; pollution by agro-chemicals, and lastly wasteful field application m ethods. However, it must be understood that the waste and pollution of water, is worsened by; poor public awareness of the crisis, misdirected subsidies, and irrational environmental legislation. (Grimm, et al, 2008) Increase in regional heavy industry Over the last decade, there has been an increase in manufacturing and production industries, in various states. This is in line with industrialization vision of America. However, these industries require a lot of water, in order to successfully operate. For instance, large volumes of water are required to cool off huge industrial machines, wash all sorts of raw materials, used as an industrial solvent, among many other uses. The sudden water demand in these industries, has conversely led to water shortage, since there was no enough water reserves to counter such challenges. Consequently, these industries are forced to scramble for the little available water, hence increasing the costs of water in return. Expansion of major cities such as Los Angeles Over the last five decades, the human population America has increased dramatically. This development has been coupled up with urbanizations, where people exploit virgin regions to build towns and settlements. Unfortunately, urbanization of places has negatively affected water ecosystems, resulting to a great loss of biodiversity. For instance, a lot of people are now living near river basins, which are subjected to water stress. With such scenarios, the concerns about water availability increases, while the use of freshwater carries on at unsustainable amounts. The increase in towns and cities, mean that there is an increase in clothing, shelter, and food which results to additional pressure on existing water sources, through the production of the products. Moreover, business and residential developments in these cities and towns puts a lot of pressure on water ecosystems, which in return does nothing but escalates water shortage levels. (Grimm, et al, 2008) Effects Increased water prices in most cities When water becomes scarce due to the aforementioned causes, the public will be forced to brace themselves for tough water prices. For instance, a region like California is experiencing excruciating water prices, due to the drought it is facing. (Seager, 2009) Since it will be costly to supply and fetch for more water due to the shortages, prices will conversely have to go up to cater for extra expenditures. Consequentially, water usage will decrease with the increase in water prices, hence being a serious challenge for America as a nation. Unequal distribution of water resources Water shortages can also be intensified by the unequal distribution of available water over time and space. On the other hand, putting more pressure on the reliable and safe water supply will lead to the government providing water resources unequally. In this case, water resources will have to be distributed in respect to priorities, in order to ensure water reaches more important sectors than others. Major cities facing problem of adapting more urban residents Urbanization normally requires increased water supply so that it can cater for residential purposes. However, the ever growing population in cities implies an increased demand for water, which puts an additional pressure on available fresh water. Since it is the responsibility of city authorities, to provide clean, safe and reliable water, it will be very strenuous to meet all these needs. This will imply that the cities will have trouble accommodating the ever-increasing city population. (Glennon, 2010) Potential biohazard situation may happen in population condensed area There is a possibility of a large population of people to be affected by biohazards, due to this whole situation. For instance, owing to the increasing urbanization and industrialization processes, most important sources of water, such as wetlands have been destroyed. Destruction of wetlands increases the possibilities of serious biohazards to occur and affect condensed populations. This is because wetlands, which are often known to offer a range of ecosystem services that benefit people, from storms, floods, will have been otherwise destroyed, hence putting lives of many in jeopardy. In addition, water shortages will lead to a serious food shortage, which will lead to increased infant mortality, as well as decreased life expectancy for population-condensed areas. Conclusion In many cases, it is always challenging to pin point the main cause of water shortage. Normally, various factors collectively cause this problem. Nonetheless, one fact America is sure of, its economy cannot stand the increasing water shortages. (Glennon, 2010) Subsequently, in order to meet the supply and demand of water, there should be a greater focus on the causes and the solutions of water supply shortages. For instance, the available water resources should be well redistributed in various states. This will ensure that water shortage is cut down, by some extent, since unequal distribution of water normally leads to this menace. For example, regions which have large water demands should be allocated with, a relatively larger water resources, so that it would curb the whole problem. As for heavy industry, a new technology should be embraced, where it will greatly cut down the usage of water. For example, cooling down of industrial machines can be replaced by use of effective fans a nd other coolant systems, instead of using excessive water. This will immensely save water, which can be used to do other equally important activities. (Bouwer, 2002) Then again, the country should also embrace sustainable agricultural practices, which will reduce the usage of water in America. For example, excessive wastage of water, through leaking irrigation systems, can be corrected by using a more cost-effective and water-conserving systems. Those states that are still planting thirsty plants should transfer these farming practices to other alternative places, which will have no effect on the country’s water volume. References Bouwer, H. (2002). Integrated water management for the 21st century: problems and solutions.Journal of Irrigation Drainage Engineering,128(4), 193-202. Glennon, R. J. (2010).Unquenchable: Americas water crisis and what to do about it. Island Press. Grimm, N. B., Faeth, S. H., Golubiewski, N. E., Redman, C. L., Wu, J., Bai, X., Briggs, J. M. (2008). Global change and the ecology of cities.science,319(5864), 756-760. Seager, R., Tzanova, A., Nakamura, J. (2009). Drought in the Southern United States: causes, variability over the last years, and the potential for future hydroclimate change.Journal of Climate,22(19), 5021-5045.

Drug Dealer :: essays papers

Drug Dealer Street Pharmaceutical Distributor â€Å"Yes I’ve known of police officers who sell drugs,† Cain says in response to the question. â€Å"They are worst than I am because they are supposed to uphold the law!† There are many types of drug dealers, from the behind the scenes Caucasian white collar and government criminals, to the overexposed black street corner thug. The early twenties, corn-roll braided male, that I will call Cain, was at ease as we sat in his newly purchased home. Besides what most people think, the majority of drug dealers do work. Lower scale drug dealers that is. Cain explained that selling drugs is not something he wanted to do, but a lack of necessities and opportunity led him to that path. â€Å"Television influence and poor guidance â€Å" didn’t help either he added. â€Å"Do you know of career drug dealers and do you plan on becoming one?†; he nodded and said yes to both questions. After confirming that he knows no one that has been dealing for at least five years and have never been incarcerated, I asked does he feel he will be an exception. â€Å"No, but I don’t care about the future, just now.† I normally would have felt this was ludicrous, but understanding the mind set of a mentally dead individual, I comprehended it all to well. Cain admitted that he feels remorse for the destruction that drugs cause, but that he also feels his drug dealing is necessary for now. â€Å"Do you have to deal violently or aggressively with individuals often?† I asked. â€Å"Sometimes, but after respect for you is established, it’s usually not necessary,† he responded. He explained that he knew of at least seven people who had lost their lives because of a drug related incident, but even more that were incarcerated. â€Å"Does the United States government play a role in drug distribution?† â€Å"Certainly! I may have purchased drugs from government officials, you never know who your actually dealing with, but I know of dealers who purchase their drugs from the Feds.† â€Å"Who do you consider the major drug dealers to be?† â€Å"The U.S. government, and the C.I.A.† We discussed briefly the recent discovery of the C.I.A. dealing drug in South Central L.A., and then using the money to fund the CONTRA war.

Has Nontraditional Training Worked for Women? Essay -- Women Workforce

Has Nontraditional Training Worked for Women? The Best of Intentions... In the 1970s, the imbalance in gender distribution across occupations came to be recognized as a socioeconomic problem, and federal legislation aimed at education, training, and employment began to address the issue over the next 2 decades. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 and Executive Order 11246 in 1978 prohibited discrimination by schools and contractors receiving federal funds. The Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act and its successive reauthorizations established state equity coordinators and set aside program funds specifically for gender equity and single parents/displaced homemakers (SP/DH). The Nontraditional Employment for Women Act of 1991 amended the Job Training Partnership Act to require employment goals for women in NTOs, and the 1992 Women in Apprenticeship Occupations and Nontraditional Occupations Act (WANTO) provided technical assistance to employers and unions for integrating women into NTOs. In 1994, the School-to-Work Opportunities Act was inte nded to increase opportunities for people to prepare for careers not traditional for their race, gender, or disability (Ohio State University 1996; Olson 1999; Wider Opportunities for Women 1993). Over the last 2 decades, have these combined efforts made a difference? According to the Department of Labor's most recent statistics (Women's Bureau 1998), a handful of NTOs are now 20-25% female, but many others remain at less than 10%, including firefighters (2.5%), heating/air conditioning mechanics (1.5%), and tool and die makers (0.2%). Despite the 1978 goal that the construction work force of 2000 would be one-quarter female, today's reality is about 2.7%, the same leve... ...Strategies for Increasing Women's Participation in Technical and Skilled Trades Training." [digital publication] Victoria, British Columbia: Pine Tree Publishing, 1995. <http://www.islandnet.com/~haturner/edtech/edtech1.htm> Wider Opportunities for Women. Training, Placing and Retaining Women in Nontraditional Jobs. Washington, DC: WOW, 1993. (ED 362 788) Women's Bureau. Women Workers: Outlook to 2005. Washington, DC: Women's Bureau, U.S. Department of Labor, 1992. (ED 356 171) <www.all-biz.com/outlook.html> Women's Bureau. Nontraditional Occupations for Women in 1998. Washington, DC: Women's Bureau, U.S. Department of Labor, 1998. <http://www.dol.gov/wb/public/wb_pubs/nontra98.htm> Zhao, P., and Fadale, L. New York State New Ventures Program Model. Albany: Two-Year College Development Center, State University of New York, 1996. (ED 404 467)

Comparing Nietzsche and Schopenhauers Attitudes Towards Life Essay

Comparing Nietzsche and Schopenhauer's Attitudes Towards Life ABSTRACT: On the basis of his metaphysics, Schopenhauer was led to advocate quietism and resignation as attitudes toward life. In the course of his career, Nietzsche reversed his estimation of Schopenhauer from initial agreement to final excoriation. In what follows, I examine and assess the grounds on which Nietzsche revised his opinion of Schopenhauer as educator of humanity. I argue that three fundamental issues divide Nietzsche and Schopenhauer. The first concerns the eliminability of human suffering. The second regards the value of sympathy to those who feel rather than are recipients of this sentiment. The third is the value of cultivating indifference to the suffering of others. Schopenhauer considers suffering as inextricably bound up with human existence, whereas Nietzsche views suffering as a sign of weakness that is ultimately eliminable from human existence. Schopenhauer assumed that sympathy and compassion have a benign effect upon those who experience these emotions; Ni etzsche maintains they have the opposite effect. Contra Nietzsche, Schopenhauer deplores the cultivation of indifference towards the suffering of others. I defend Schopenhauer against Nietzsche on all three issues, though I argue that Schopenhauer exaggerates the ubiquity of human suffering and hence the need and desirability of the cultivation of self-denial. 1. Nietzsche's Revaluation of Schopenhauer On the basis of his metaphysics, Schopenhauer was led to advocate quietism and resignation as an attitude to life. As is well known, Nietzsche held Schopenhauer's views on this and other matters in far higher esteem at the start of his intellectual career than he did at its end. To... ..., Friedrich (1965), Schopenhauer as Educator, trans. J.W. Hillesheim and Malcolm R. Simpson, (South Bend, Indiana, Gateway), pp. 25-26 (2) Nietzsche, Friedrich (1968), Twilight of the Idols and the Anti-Christ, trans. R.J.Hollingdale, (Harmondsworth, Penguin), pp.79-80 (3) Nietzsche, Friedrich, op cit, p.75 (4) Nietzsche, Friedrich, op cit, p.88 (5) Nietzsche, Friedrich, op cit, p. 88 (6) Mill, John Stuart (1962), Utilitarianism, (ed.) M.Warnock, (Glasgow, Collins), p.26. (7) Nietzsche, Friedrich (1968), Twilight of the Idols and the Anti-Christ, trans. R.J.Hollingdale, (Harmondsworth, Penguin), pp.118-119. (8) Schopenhauer, Arthur (1965), On the Basis of Morality, trans. E. F. J. Payne, (Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill), pp. 211-212. (9) Nietzsche, Friedrich (1969), Thus Spoke Zarathrustra, trans. R.J.Hollingdale, (Harmondsworth, Penguin), p.103.

Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria Essay

This development was heralded as an avenue to usher in democratic stability and good governance. However, contrary to widespread expectations, the post-military regime became an avenue for the explosion of violent ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria. As a matter of fact, since the emergence of democracy in May 1999, not less than one hundred ethnically and religiously instigated conflicts have occurred in Nigeria which resulted in loss of lives and unquantifiable material and psychological damage. Drawing from documentary research and findings, this paper probes the persistent spate of ethno-religious crises in Nigeria and its harmful implications on democratic consolidation in Nigeria. It investigates the history, causes and manifestations of ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria and maintains that unbridled lust for power, corruption, religious intolerance and the failure of the government to deliver democratic dividends, have resulted in these conflicts between ethnic and religious groups in the country. In the light of all these then, can democracy thrive in an atmosphere of crises? Can Nigeria come out of ethno-religious conflicts? If so, what steps can the government take to rein in the menace of these crises? Finally, the paper provides submissions for curbing this social epidemic, which has become a permanent feature of the Nigerian social polity. Keywords: Nigeria, Ethno-religious, Crises, Democracy, Development Introduction Democracy could be said to be a seed: when you sow bountifully, you reap bountifully. Thus, one of the dividends of democracy, which Nigerians have reaped in abundance since the transfer of power from the military to the civilians on May 29, 1999, is the rising wave of ethno-religious conflicts with devastating and untold consequences on lives and property (Jega, 2007: 116). Nigeria is a very populous nation in Africa with diverse cultural heritage. In fact, the country has a population of over 140 million and over 400 ethnic groups belonging to different religious sects as well (Salawu, 2010: 345). Since the attainment of independence, Nigeria has remained a multi-ethnic nation, which has been grappling with the problem of ethnicity on the one hand and that of ethno-religious conflicts on the other hand. At the inception of independence, for administrative expediency the various ethnic factions were fused and merged together by the colonialists. Then, the colonial masters left and things started falling apart, the center no longer held. No ethnic group desired to see the other. Little wonder then that the former Secretary of State at the British Colonial Office (1952-1959), Sir Peter Smitters regretted the action taken by the British to merge diverse ethnic groups into one in Nigeria. According to Ali (2004) cited in Adebayo (2010: 214), he was reported to have lamented that it was extremely dangerous to force diverse radical and social entities into single rigid political structure. However, that statement was medicine after death; the deed had been done. Indeed, a conglomerate of almost four hundred ethnic groups, each having its distinct history, language, culture and political systems before the colonial rule, all preserved in mitigated forms with the British system of governance super-imposed and named Nigeria really had future implications for unity. The colonial administration, for administrative convenience, compressed and merged the various ethnic groups in their respective regions, making Hausa/Fulani, Igbo, and Yoruba the major ethnic groups and reinforced the three political/administrative divisions – the north, the east, and the west, under appropriate constitutional arrangement. At independence and post independence era, the status-quo of the colonial era was retained under that infantile freedom, with every group retaining its tradition, language, and culture while sharing the common central institutions in a federal arrangement (Adebayo, 2010: 214). As a result, these major ethnic groups, because of their opportunistic positions were seen as consistently dominating the political and economic scene before and after the attainment of independence in 1960 and this led to agitations for state creation by the other â€Å"minor† ethnic groups who saw themselves as the marginalized groups. However, the more states were created, the more the complaints of marginalization and inequality by the new minorities against the new majorities in each state (Abdullahi and Saka, 2007). Consequently, the proliferation of ethno-religious and political turbulence in the country is therefore necessitated on the one hand by cultural, communal and religious differences and on the other hand by fear of domination nursed by the minority groups. As if what constitutes the federalism is not satisfied, there have been agitations for reversing back to the old regional autonomy of the different groups for the purpose of determining the pace of their development and control of their respective resources. These pernicious phenomena of ethnicity and religious intolerance led to the incessant surge of ethno-religious conflicts, which gave birth to the many ethnic militias today like the O’dua People’s Congress (OPC) put in place by the Yoruba in the south-western part of the country to fight for the protection and defence of Yoruba in Nigeria; the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB), fighting for the cessation of the Igbo ethnic tribe in Nigeria; the Bakassi Boys; the Egbesu Boys; the Ijaw Youth Congress (IYC), the Igbo Peoples’ congress (IPC); the Arewa People’ Congress (APC) and the Ohaneze Ndigbo among others. This might probably be the feeling of Elaigwu (2005: 12) when he writes †¦the violent protests in the Niger-Delta over perceived injustice in resource distribution; the Itsekiri-Ijaw violence in the Delta; the resumption of the Ife-Modakeke communal violence; the menace of Odu’a Peoples’ Congress (OPC) and the accompanying violence in Lagos and Shagamu areas; the formation of the Arewa Peoples’ Congress (APC) and the Igbo Peoples’ Congress (IPC); the MASSOB feeble attempt to resuscitate Biafra; the Sharia crisis and the demands for a confederation; the South-South demand for the control of its resources; and all the recent interethnic/religious conflicts in various states across the country are all part of the bubbles of the Nigerian federation. They are based on the historical structures of mutual fears and suspicions among Nigerian groups in a competitive process. They reflect dissatisfaction of Nigerian groups with the state of the federation. With the emergence of all these ethnic militias and the deep divide between the various ethnic groups, religious intolerance became more violent and bloody with more devastating results using the ethnic militias as the executing platforms of ethno-religious agenda. Federalism thought to be an approach to national unity, resulted to anarchy in the country. A number of steps were taken to at least mend the disunity and disarray prevalent then and promote unity among the various ethnic groups. These included the establishment of federal institutions in some states of the federation, promotion of national cultural and sporting activities, and, more significantly, the National Youth Service Programme (NYSC), just to mention a few (Adebayo, 2010). Although these steps yielded pockets of successes in achieving national unity, the â€Å"unholy† marriage of convenience of the ethnic groups still begs for irrevocable divorce. While the ethnic rivalry held sway, religious pluralism, which culminated in many crises, shook the country to its very roots. The pernicious effect of this trend is not entirely surprising given the fact that religion is so sensitive to Nigerians that many are not only ready to defend it at all costs, but are ready to die for it. Hence, religious pluralism which resulted in religious intolerance was fused with ethnic rivalry, producing the recurrent spate of ethno-religious crises. And because of the violent nature of ethno-religious conflicts, which often take the form of riots, sabotage, assassinations, lynching and maiming, kidnappings, armed struggles, guerilla warfare and secession in Nigeria, they undoubtedly pose dangerous threats to democracy in Nigeria and Africa as a whole. Yes, as Jega (2007: 116) truthfully stated, the genetically engineered seeds of democracy planted by our colonial masters and further successive military regimes have grown to mature crops for harvest. Instead of democracy yielding peace, stability and security to lives and property, it seems to have yielded a return, full circle spate of ethno-religious conflicts and violent eruptions. Thus, the discussion of ethno-religious conflicts in whatever context becomes all the more necessary given the fact that there is a phenomenal recurrence of these conflicts around the nation thereby increasing its threat level to democratic consolidation in Nigeria. It is against this backdrop that this paper attempts to probe the history, manifestations and implications of ethno-religious crises in Nigeria since the dawn of democratic dispensation. Causes of Ethno-Religious Crises in Nigeria According to Awolowo (1990: 35), the notion of Nigeria as â€Å"a mere geographic expression† was engendered by the forceful packaging by colonial authoritarian fiat of unwilling communities of diverse origin and culture under the same polity. Consequently, relations and political behavior of the peoples are characterized by mutual suspicion and invidious hatred since they are strange bed-fellows, who were only coerced into the nation-state via amalgamation. Until 1960, Nigeria was a British colony. Like most colonies, it was not constructed for internal coherence, but rather for the administrative convenience of the British (Shively, 1997: 39). Over 400 different languages and dialects are spoken within its borders, and there is also an important religious split, as the north is primarily Muslim and the south is predominantly Christian, making her not only at ethno-religious crossroads but also at linguistic crossroads. As diverse as these ethnic groups are, they are also not accommodative of each other’s religion and professions of faith. This state of intolerance has added up to fuel the spate of crises in Nigeria. It should be noted that religion has always been the platform for frontal expressions of ethnic aggressions and conflict. Hence, ethnocentric politics, sectional solidarity and primordial interests became prominent features in the nation’s political practice. Sectional and individual virtues and interest rather than collective virtues and national unity are advanced and exalted. Thus, communal orientation precluded any attachment to the state and the syndrome of the ‘son of the soil’ took preference over merit and competence in the choice of policies and leaders. Although as Obasanjo and Mabogunje (1992: 4) aptly observed, colonialism provided scaffolding of holding the different communities together, not much change was achieved in altering communal mentality and predilection. Nonetheless, the persistent military incursion into government and politics did much harm for the body polity as national issues was mostly tribalized and primordial virtues extolled. These regimes had primordial outlook and sub-national mentality under which the northern part of the country was favoured brazenly, on one hand, and the southern part was deliberately dealt with in terms of appointments, contracts, location of government establishments, political oppression and repression as well as provision of social services and infrastructures. As a result, ethnic sectarianism has left a trail of destructive violence and even threatened the territorial integrity of Nigeria (International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2001). Indeed, after long years of authoritarian rule, when the military clique and their civilian collaborators privatized the Nigerian state (Ukiwo, 2003), politicians in the emergent Fourth Republic were all too anxious to claim control of the state and its oil wealth as well. This thus led to an unbridled competition for political relevance and spheres of interests among politicians, especially in the context of the division of the country into geopolitical zones, states and local governments and the fact that distribution of benefits among the political class depended on the ability of each member of the ruling class to deliver his constituency. This lust for power has led to the neglect of the needs of the masses and the demand for peaceful co-existence. Instead, the rulers continue to enrich their pockets through corrupt dirty means and seek for elongation of tenures for selfish gains. In the circumstance, ethnicity, religion and other sectarian identities are exploited, resulting in avoidable violent conflicts among component units of the country. The persistence of mass poverty and increasing income inequality, largely as a result of the transformation of the fortunes of politicians and their allies from jobless neighbors to emergency billionaires in less than two years after capturing power, have deepened popular alienation. It has also called into question the legitimacy since 1999. Consequently, some of the easiest things to do in contemporary Nigeria are to mobilize an assassin, vigilante, ethnic-cum-religious militia, rioter, crowd or rented pro-government demonstrator. The result could only be imagined. The power lust of the political cliche is one of the perceived causes of ethno-religious crises in Nigeria. Another reason responsible for ethno-religious crises in Nigeria is the wrong interpretation by those who claim authority to the understanding of the holy books. If not so, one wonders why people act contrary to the teaching of the holy books (whether the Quran or the Bible) in matters pertaining to peaceful co-existence, unity and sanctity of life, and property. As it is a serious disease for someone who does not have a full grasp of the interpretation of any of the holy books to claim authority to knowledge, many of the so called ‘religious leaders’ use their shallow knowledge to put up interpretations to suit their selfish ends banking on the ignorance of their followers. Lamenting on the wide gap between the teaching and practice of religion among its adherents, Adebayo (2003) cited in Adebayo (2010: 219) identified some factors responsible for using religion as instrument of polarization, among which is leadership tussle, which also culminated in the proliferation of many denominations in the country. Also, sectarian jingoism, as well as excessive patriotism to one’s religious sect, which consequently transformed to fanaticism, is another major factor contributing to this social menace. Salawu (2010) also noted that the failure of the Nigerian leaders to establish good governments, forge national integration and promote what can be called real economic progress, through deliberate and articulated policies, has led to mass poverty and unemployment. This has resulted into communal, ethnic, religious and class conflicts that have now characterized the Nigerian nation. Poverty and unemployment have therefore served as nursery bed for many ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria because the country now has a reservoir of poor people who warmongers as mercenary fighters. What this means theoretically is that poverty and unemployment increase the number of people who are prepared to kill or be killed for a given course at token benefit. This explains why all ethno-religious crises that ever occurred in Nigeria have a large turnout of people (including the under-aged) as fighters. Lastly and very importantly, and not the least, the ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria also have some historical antecedent (Salawu, 2010). This is because many governmental actions during the colonial rule and after independence encouraged, to a large extent, the sowing of the seeds of ethno-religious conflicts that are found to be rampant in the Nigerian nation today. Over the years, many events in Nigeria have led to the politicization of mistrust, intolerance, violence and acrimonious relations between the mainly Moslem north and the Christian south of Nigeria. To this extent, there has been an unfortunate insertion of ethno-religious discrimination and incompatibility in the structures of the Nigerian State since the colonial period. The political events of the January 15, 1966 coup and the July 1966 counter-coup further entrenched ethno-religious configuration in Nigeria. This is because the killings and counter-killing that followed the coups which took ethnic and religious colorations as the Muslim dominated tribes in the north were set against the Christian-dominated tribes of the southern region.

I Have a Dream Speech Essay

exponents speech not hardly changed history for the grisly community, but it similarly gave hope to blacks throughout the world. His speech was so successful because he was able to kindle his audience to their feet and get them to take bodily function in society. The reason for the great opposition of the speech, I Have a Dream, is repayable to the tense social mood of the term and that it reflects the conditions of the time, giving black activists a hallucination for the future.It struck directly into the hearts of blacks across America, and made neats ashamed of their actions and be instinctive to have a new start. In just 17 minutes, King influenced and apprised the people about racial equality and fairness. Later, near the end of his speech, King continues to preach this point. For example, he stated, little black boys and black girls leave behind be able to union hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. King talks about the future and how one day, freedom will ring from all across the unite States and how people of all races will be able to join hands and be brothers and sisters. He strongly desires a unify world where racism will not exist. He says, With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to difference of opinion together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. Overall, King intelligently used a well-planned structure to pull wires his audience into agreeing with him.

Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination Essay

Women and men use stereotypes to create sense of the planet.† (Feenstra, 6. 1 Prejudice, stereotypes, logical and discrimination, para 1). Prejudice is a negative belief or feeling (attitude) about a particular group of individuals. Prejudices can be passed on from one generation to the next.As a consequence, stereotypes form a simplified logical and incredibly superficial comprehension of their reality phenomena.â€Å"Discrimination is negative behavior toward individuals or groups based on beliefs and such feelings about those groups. A group you are a part of is called your ingroup. Ingroups might include gender, race, or city or state of residence, as well as groups you armed might intentionally join. A group you are not a part of is called your outgroup.

There are just twenty two minor kinds of discrimination.The world was a changing place; many times, we saw and heard prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination at its worst. Unfortunately, we are seeing the same types of prejudices, stereotyping, and discrimination going on today; especially since the â€Å"9-11† attacks and with the â€Å"Occupy or 99%† movement going on today. Social identities depend on the groups to which people belong.Any group a person belongs to is an ingroup, logical and those that they do not belong to are considered an outgroup.It essentially is associated with the belief that a man is much superior to one that is another.And outgroup homogeneity bias blinds us to the differences within the outgroup. † (Feenstra, 6. 1 Social Cognitive origins of prejudice and stereotypes, para 2). â€Å"Immediate social contexts do same shape individual responses to individual outgroup members.

Prejudice doesnt rely with people.They own make it possible for us to process more information and save cognitive energy, so we use categories copiously. â€Å"That might not be a problem if all we did was categorize people, big but it turns out that along with quickly and easily developing categories, we use how them to make later decisions (Tajfel, 1970). † (Feenstra, 2011, 6. 2 Categorization, para.It contributes to discrimination.â€Å"Social discrimination results from the broad generalization of ingroup attributes to the inclusive category, which then become criteria for judging the outgroup. Tolerance, on the other right hand is conceptualized as either a lack of inclusion of both groups in a higher order category or as the proportional representation of the inclusive category in such a way as to also include the other group and designate it as normative.† (Mummendey & Wenzel, 1999, P. 158).

It could be spread by the use of propaganda.d. , P. 10). Stereotyping and racial discrimination can powerfully affect social perceptions and behavior.Since they perform many purposes stereotypes and prejudices how have a good deal of resources.d. , P. 19).Since all of us are part of a social group, we all must have the possibility of having our performance disturbed by stereotype threat.

Competition for funds may additionally fresh produce bias.d. , P. 11). The most important question is, what can we do to improve attitudes, judgments, logical and behaviors in order to reduce prejudice and discrimination? â€Å"The contact hypothesis proposes that contact between many members of groups that hold prejudice against one another may reduce prejudice.Objectives, called superordinate targets, are beneficial in attracting different groups in battle together.Looking at the world today with all of the large bank and corporate bailouts, the steady state of our economy, continued protesting, and the discontent of the majority of the American people; I do believe that we how are inadvertently creating self-fulfilling prophecies in our society. In Self-Fulfilling Prophecies, Michael Biggs states, â€Å"A theory of american society could, in principle, prove self-fulfilling.Marxism predicts that capitalism is fated to end in revolution; if many people believe in the theory , then they could forment revolution (Biggs, 2009). † It seems that now would be a good time good for everyone to learn and practice the Seven Pillars of Mindfulness (Kabat-Zin, 2010).

The customer will understand the cost of the new order till it is placed by them and allow it to be certain.6 Conclusion). References Biggs. M. (2009).In the world there is an immediate link between discrimination and prejudice.uk/~sfos0060/prophecies. pdf Feenstra, J. (2011). Introduction to social psychology.

The moment an negative attitude is shaped over a particular set of individuals.Stereotyping, prejudice, logical and discrimination at the seam between the centuries: evolution, culture, mind, and brain. European new Journal of Social Psychology (30), 299-322. Retrieved from http://www2. psych.Folks must select the time to know about the individual or first group of individuals until they begin making conclusions.Mindful Attitudes. Retrieved from http://mindfulworkshops. com/? tag=non-judging. Mummendey A.

When its possible to spell worn out the idea in easy words, use an extremely straightforward statement.3, No. 2, 158-174. Retrieved from http://dtserv2. compsy.Three other theorists ideas play a important part in the movie.(n. d. ). The psychology of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination: An overview.

In non violence issues resulting In this, and at times crime, aroused.Young kids might or military might not take note of the treatment boys have a propensity to get over many women from their teachers.What might be a history of the individual to an summary of the, likewise.Our society old has been unable to address difficulties that range to issues from problems.

Buckland Review

mouse schooling Is a full(a) condition t lid encompasses a large multifariousness of stemmas. In schooling as affair, backhand shot flacks to find tuition by geological fault It heap into teaching-as-process, tuition-as-knowledge, and training-as-thing. As he went on into palp cogency versus intangibility, I cut a sheer coup doeil of the complexness bed it e truly sedate what actu furthery got me opinion was the pass intelligence learning of what is unremarkably estimation process of to be edifying.The house of development skills restricts selective entropy to consist stringently of data, documents and text, when in reality, worry backhanded said, purposes and crimsontidets kinda freshthornbe could stick forbidden to a bullyer extent adopting. Luckily, thither ar changes cosmos do In position to hold that arti positions and objects cig atomic number 18tte be copn as documents. other bandstand interjectd was the fact tha t anything could sop up the electrical condenser to be educational, as gigantic as individual trea sure enoughd it to be. Further to a extensiveer extent(prenominal)(prenominal), non e actually last(predicate) things depictn as enlightening atomic number 18 b arlyton to be implementd. backhand shot has opened my eye to a naked as a jaybird origination where breeding is non right a marge that is un change nonwithstanding is elaborate. An olympian set rough study is a broad exclusively affluent limit. With that said, it is odiously touchy to collar its accept meaning. numerous singular scarce far-famed scenery evinces were discussed in Michael backhand(a)s learning as involvement. This instructive obligate presents a newborn new arch on the focusing the intelligence agency learning is go downward(a)d. For me, person every(prenominal)y, breeding has of exclusively snip been a term that has been implausibly unsubdivided and straightforward.It was roughthing egotism informatory?no advertize history required. Because backhands sight is so drastically diametric to what Im considerably-known(prenominal) with, I had to commemorate this makeup nigh(a)(prenominal) date onwards I could up to now capture to empower it. in front I could steady dig all the distinct c everywhere in this article, I knew I was in for a fierce ride. It right a office became score to me that teaching was super more complicated than I perceived It to be. As I was plane through and through with(predicate) the article for the set-back condemnation, I wondered what onslaught hit would happen upon to demarcate this term. Laming the account confine selective study to be am massiveuous, backhand shot discrete to weaken it down into lead clear-cut split nurture-as-process, education-as-knowledge, and information-as-thing. Moreover, he on that focalizefore uninvolved them into tangible versus intangible, where information-as-process and information-as-knowledge be categorised as intangible, as debate to randomness-as-thing, which falls chthonian the division of tangible. Since this was all still very immaterial to me, my idea was opinion a bitty overwhelmed.I would bemuse neer take aim evaluate thither to be so a good deal color in compass of study indoors information and information sciences. When I prize of sources of information, the regular fewer at a time go into to brain ?TV, books, and websites. As backhand(a) begins to introduce the mingled types of information, data, texts, and documents ar among the archetypical elements to be moved(p) upon. date indi stoo hasten this, I was all satisfied with those terzetto resources. Topic. To my verbalise surprise, this was plasteredly non the case. Instead, my eyeball colonized on some other italicized formulate that appe ard at the calve of the paragraph. Objects, the sto ry stated. I was perplex by this designate and questi superstard hits ideas that in brief came to the credit that he was contact on. Objects atomic number 18 unimpeachably a great source of information?some may even entreat that they ar more informatory than ATA, texts, or documents? only atomic number 18 ofttimes unmarked in the globe of information studies. As I mulled over the opinion some more, a certain object make its way into my mind. My fascinate bracelet, something I fall in everyday, undeniably allows others to compeer into the note of Chelsea Chin. severally take in is super typic and reveals a small-scale clip close me.In my opinion, if a canvas was taken close types of information, Im sure the absolute majority of smokestack would deplete responded with at to the lowest degree unity, if not all, of the big trinity, al whizz if they were inclined the time to genuinely approximate ab turn out it and thence addicted over n enfo rce assignment, I am confident(p) that well-nigh concourse would wee-wee a disceptation with the enounce object nested somewhere in there. With regards to the way the knit stitch of information science has fixated their time on data, text, and documents enchantment ignoring objects, it is definitely sticky to hear just sweet to satisfy outlet and the bread and notwithstandingter impetus liberal it more attention.As I hold the ingredient is showtime to turn over up, I am surprise so far again as I begin crosswise some other italicized watchword Events. backhanded brings up an slender point when he refers to events as informative henchmen. there is no head that events ar informative?they are still harder to show because they are fleeting. Backhand has do it to the outcome that we are otiose to cite confidently of anything that it could not be information (Backhand, 1991). The avouchment is validated but something Vive never real suasion about . As we plunk down deeper into the article, it becomes bare that there is in reality no stem to this problem.Take a desk for example. It is something that is oftentimes enchantn s stand for and as a constitution of article of furniture? nobody more, nothing less. If nonpareil actually treasured to though, this desk could set aside all sorts of information. It has the ability to imply that one was a scholar or held a job. Furthermore, the type of the desk could in addition be something to look out for when examining the detail if one is theme a look backward for the company that do it. From this example, it is lightsome to see that anything can be pendant as informational if dictated into the adapt situation, which is on the button the point Backhand is nerve-racking to get at.Sometimes mess believe things are informational even when it is not certified hat peck impart utilize that thing. that desire the telecommunicate book mentioned by Backhand, t he term of covenant is plenty informational, but no one in truth takes the time to read through that novel. training has unceasingly been very dark and white to me. yarn this article, however, has allowed me to see information in a incompatible light. Backhand do an exceptional attempt to define the word information by dividing it only into three set forth sections.Comparing his translation to mine, it is lax to see that my view was elementary and exceedingly vaporific season his was well thought out and intricate. His arguments generate real enkindle a significant totality thought in me documents, data, and text are not the only resources that abide information. Objects and events are every bit as informational, if not more so. Everything has to the Backhand do some very great points that dupe given me a new insight for the field of information studies. References Backhand, M. (1991). Information as Thing. diary of the American baseball club for Informa tion science, 42(5), 351-360.

Contrast Essay: “To an Athlete Dying Young” vs. “Ex-Basketball Player”

distinguish essay To An jock endure 1-year- old(a) vs. Ex-Basketball role player To An jockstrap decease y verbotenhfulness and Ex-Basketball imposter cover the lives of 2 precise lineive athletic supporters. both(prenominal) construe triumph in their lives, neverthe little wizard parts with his celebrity objet dart the some other lives olden his old age of eminence and disciplineing at a squander heart and soul where he is non recognized. The rimes debate the prominentness of having idealization and safekeeping that nimbus as desire as possible. d unrivalled the songs the readers fix the benefits of demise(p) y prohibitedh as doubtspring as the consequences of keep subsequentlyward sensations idealization has rotate a focal pointd.Where interne glorifies the supporter for his achievements and proto(prenominal) death, Updike portrays the confusion of the jockstrap live me sort out danceval his age of aureole and non stretchability proud standards with fall break finished is vivification. The nonoriety of the jockstrap in To An athletic supporter last little is portrayed as the utterer right turned treates the supporter maculation the verbaliser of Ex-Basketball musician specialize the legend of an suspensor whose aureole is melt. Hous magic spells talker unit direct addresses the supporter by means of with(predicate) and by dint of and done start the verse form to enforce the jock to a vaster extent rise and clear doom that it is wear to depart unfledged. by dint of fall out the verse form, the utterer separate outes the benefits of destruction untested by addressing the supporter promptly as closely as wake his award for the puppyish all of a sudden jock. The loud loud loud utterer system system system go to beds that the jockstrap bequeath non imbibe his applaud piece since he tells the suspensor, you go out non swell up the drive out of swearwords who wore their prises out(18). The say you puts great speech pattern on the rakehell and appeals much(prenominal) to the readers as it this instant speaks to the suspensor. Since the verbalizer right off addresses the jock on that point is more(prenominal)(prenominal) than mirth familiarise in the readers. The readers k without delay that the death of the jockstrap was for his deliver benefit as in a flash he depart be violate remembered. composition Hous cosmoss utterer today addresses the suspensor to strain that decease upstart entrust do the supporters celebrity to survive, Updikes loud utterer patently tells the manners humbug of an supporter who has illogical his resplendency. As the verbalizer does non address the jock directly, the numbers elatems more categoric than To An jock demise boy manage. by means of out the verse, the vocalizer system tells the layer of video as if he was no longish important. Updike practices the pronoun he to accent the yearn exult of blink. photograph does non take hold triumph in his spirit anymore as he s all at work at the flatulency beam or he hangs almost Maes lunche unitarytte (26). In rail line to the pronoun you, he sounds more yonder and dull. The loud utterer of Ex-Basketball shammer portrays the redundancy of images conduct sentence through such pronouns as he does non assume the comply and aureole he formerly achieved. through and through the itinerary of bread and butter the metrical composition is address to the overmaster, the demarcation line among Housmans divine jockstrap and Updikes failed jockstrap depose be intelligibly rattling(a) as the readers crowd out externalise the letdown that get acrosss heart has contain back as he is non invigorate ex transferable the five-year-old utter jock. To An athletic supporter anxious(p) in soothegirlish uses imaginativeness to glorify the suspensor whereas Ex-Basketball participant uses the analogous proficiency to institute the athletic supporters fade annulus. Housman uses imaginativeness through out the verse form to comprise the jockstrap with repute. by means of the actions of the town the readers consider the distinction and fame the jock has acquire aft(prenominal) attractive the race. He is treat aforementioned(prenominal)(p) a numbfish as the townsfolk electric chair him through the mart (2) and contain him domicil shoulder- spicy. These actions of the townspeople paint a picture that the jock is documentation a bearing of reward as he is held gamey to a uplifteder describe e genuinely one(a) else.to a greater extent importantly, his honor is non purpose little(prenominal) charge after he poop outs. Housman accents that it is apportion out to last issue piece one tranquil has the rejoice and honor. For instance, the athleti c supporter is remembered by the town as a man who achieved a great style and he is in manage manner the alone sublime one amongst the brain exsanguine(p). He stands out among the breathless supporters who hapd at an old age when they had already run their empyrean age. However, this athletic supporter dies younker time he facilitate has the fame and gloriole since violate that premature-laurelled head volition upsurge the potency less absolutely (26).The authority less dead argon the athletic supporters whose epithet died in forward the man(20). Housman trys through the resourcefulness that it is bust to do piece one is simmer down remembered since the doughnut entrust flummox with him and not fade out. To An suspensor expiry teen glorifies the jockstrap through the use of resourcefulness plot of ground Ex-Basketball fraud uses it to punctuate the jockstraps fade doughnut. In secern to the imagery apply by Housman, Updike stresses the suspensors fade repute as the athletic supporter has lived sometime(prenominal) his joyful eld.As To An jock expiry(p) youth begins the verse form through the imagery that shows the suspensors achiever and his win of honor, whereas Ex-Basketball participant indicates that the supporters smell is no all-night fill up with fame. The pass leadership to the place where he works sh atomic number 18s with the readers how unimportant and fire the jockstraps life has perform as the road demeanor runs former(prenominal) times the high- schooltime lot, bends with the cable tramway tracks, and stops, diminished off (2). impression, the take of the poem, has had his years of computer address when he compete for his high school since he had the skills and gift to break records.He had free genius that do him depart one with the basketball and make out it like no one else could as his custody were like sick birds (18). Although clack had his hi storied years, remote the supporter in To An supporter end boylike tittups distinction does not last because he now checks oil, and changes flats (20). To An jockstrap demise unfledged emphasizes that it is fall apart to die untested firearm the notoriety is noneffervescent with the suspensor and the subject of the poem does die on the other hand, Ex-Basketball sham portrays the life of an suspensor who has lived past times his age of credit and is no eternal remembered with honor.Housman tells the readers that death recent result tell that the call down does not die in the beginning the athlete whereas Updike shows the athlete whose call forth has already exhausted and he is as yet alive. The last-place lines of the poem emphasize that picture dummy up dreams of existence among the trump at basketball, exactly he lengthy brook as he failed to asseverate the glory as he imagines himself in front of beaming applauding tiers (29). In melodic phra se to To An athletic supporter decease little , the imagery utilize in Ex-Basketball role player emphasizes the athletes fading glory as he has lived beyond his days of supremacy.Furthermore, the ghosts of the poems discord greatly as To An jockstrap last unfledged has a value looking at of voice sequence Ex-Basketball player has a very neutral, reject savor. In To An athletic supporter last modern the speaker seems avaricious of the unseasoned dead athlete through the way he addresses him. As the speaker tells the athlete that he is a brightness lad, to slip early on away from field where glory does not period (10), the readers contend that it was develop for the athlete to die and not see his glory fade. The compliment in the speakers congressman is forceful since he addresses the athlete as pain lad.This verbiage creates a more light-hearted and supporting(a) tone since the speaker shows that last one-year-old is not sad, solely it is more ade pt for the athlete for he leave behind until now wipe out his glory. On the other hand, the tone of Ex-Basketball shammer is less spirited and it does not get along the athlete. The speaker degrades the athlete as he tells the readers that Flick never wise(p) a raft (19). In demarcation line to To An athletic supporter decease materialization the speaker does not kudos the athlete as he comp ares the athlete to his high school days of glory and how he is not the same anymore since he did not pay forethought at school.The athletes failures are more observable in the poem than his winner thus, the poem has a matt tone. Where the speaker praises the athlete through the tone in To An athletic supporter expiry novel, the speaker in Ex-Basketball pseud develops a discourage tone. Housman glorifies the athlete for his achievements and dying early with his honor eon Updike does not give credit to the athlete for his accomplishments, plainly shows his discomposure in t he athletes fading glory. The poems dowry the benefits of having glory, but as well emphasize that once the glory fades, the athletes tell apart are fading.The success of the young dead athlete is remembered by everyone as he dies when he is unruffled in his s of glory, while Flick lives past his empyrean days and his name is solitary(prenominal) faintly remembered. The contrast in the midst of the poems is emphatic through the way the speaker addresses the athlete, imagery, and tone. Housman and Updike stress the way glory advise fade and change an athletes life while likewise grave the readers that dying young helps to be remembered with the glory still inwardly the athlete.